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Coordinate metrology is a field of metrology that is becoming increasingly popular in the manufacturing industry. Coordinate metrology enables the three-dimensional measurement to be carried out on complex object in a single setup. The instrument used for this purpose is known as the coordinate measuring machine or CMM. In general, the CMM comprises three frames that move along three orthogonal axes, i.e. X-, Y-and Z-axis. Usually, a contact device known as measuring probe is attached to the end of the Z-axis. The displacement along each axis is measured by a linear measurement system and the readings are sent to an electronic controller. The electronic controller is connected to a computer that also enables various types of data processing to be performed. Repeated measurements on similar objects can be done easily by programming the motion of the axes of the machine. This reduces the time taken for measurement and inspection up to 80% to 90%. These machines are made in various sizes and the methods of operation are based on either manual or computer-aided. 7.2. Types of CMM The basic CMM consists of three axes, each provided with a guide way that enable precise movement along a straight line. Each guide way has a carrier that moves along. The carrier enables the second carrier to move along a straight line based on the first guide way. Each axis is fitted with a precision scale that records the position of the carrier measured from a reference point. The measuring probe is fitted to the carrier on the third axis. When the measuring probe touches the object being measured, the measurement system records the position of all three axes. There are several physical configurations of CMMs. All the configurations have a method of moving the probe along three axes relative to the object. Although there are many designs of CMMs but they can be grouped into five basic types as follows: (a) Cantilever type, (b) Bridge type, (c) Horizontal arm type, (d) Column type and (e) Gantry type 7.2.1 Cantilever type CMM The schematic diagram of the cantilever type CMM is shown in Figure 6.1. In the cantilever type CMM the measuring probe it attached to the Z-axis and moves in the vertical direction. The Z-axis carrier is fitted to the cantilever arm and provides movement in the Y-direction. The Z-axis movement is provided by the table. This type of CMM design provides easy access to the work area and has high workspace volume.
2019 •
Probing system is a principle component of CMM which has the function to identify coordinate points of the object surface. Numerous types of probing systems are being used on CMM's depending on functional requirement and machine capability. Different types of probes have been evolved over the years since its early inception in seventies. During the early introduction of CMM hard probs were widely used and machine works like 3-axis milling machine. With the advent of sophisticated electronic and computing systems, new variety of electro-mechanical, electronic and optical probing systems have been evolved. The capability and applications of CMM's are primarily defined by data acquisition system (probing system) and data processing. Now a day's connection and non-connection types of probing systems are mostly used for CMMs. This paper reviews the probing systems used on CMM with a particular focus on the test method, materials, measurement techniques, etc. Also, this paper describes the limitations of CMM on micro and nano scale measurement.
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
Factors Influencing Probing Accuracy of a Coordinate Measuring Machine2005 •
2008 •
2013 •
Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) are widely used in industry as an inspection part where a product is subjected to verification of the geometric features , dimensions and tolerance specifications with respect to the pr oduct design specifications. The most of the series standard ISO 10360 are developed and are in developing process to assure q uality and increase accuracy of CMMs over the past 15 years. T his paper presents the importance of calibration as a key for establishment traceability of the measurement resul ts with Coordinate Measuring Machines.
Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing
Performance of a five-axis machine tool as a coordinate measuring machine (CMM)This paper is on design and fabrication of modular fixture setup relative to inspection on coordinate Measuring Machine proposed and planned to increase the utilization of Coordinate Measuring Machine with respect to inspection activity by reducing setup time. The modular fixture design will hold component of different configuration, size and shape without much efforts to locate, align and clamp the components on the fixture. The modular fixture will ensure that even though the component is of different configuration will have one time design and setup configuration which will be standardized by assembly of fixture and then on fixture setup time will be less than a minute on the machine that to only if fixture is disturbed / removed from the Coordinate Measuring Machine table. Modular fixture will reduce setup time, hence increase opportunity to utilize the machine for useful value adding inspection purpose rather than setup activity which is noted to be non value adding activity. Along with design of modular fixture standardized method of component setup strategy is provided as work instructions to ensure components are mounted same way each time and every time whenever it is in use irrespective of time and resource.
International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems: Industrial Robots, Vol. 10, 2013, IF 0.82, ISSN 1729-8806
Using industrial robot to manipulate the measured object in CMM2013 •
Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are widely used to check dimensions of manufactured parts,especially in the automotive industry. The major obstacles in automation of these measurements are fixturing and clamping assemblies, which are required in order to position the measured object within the CMM. This paper describes how an industrial robot can be used to manipulate the measured object within the CMM workspace, in order to enable automation of complex geometry measurement.
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