61
III
vaxtang gorgaslis epoqis samxedro istoriis
sakiTxebi
nika xoferia
vaxtang gorgasali gvianantikuri xanis iberiis ukanaskneli Zlieri
monarqia. rogorc akad. mariam lorTqifaniZe aRniSnavs: `V s. meore
naxevris qarTlis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanes politikur figuras
warmoadgens didi saxelmwifo moRvawe mefe vaxtang I. am periodis
qarTlis istoriis ZiriTadi movlenebi vaxtang gorgasalis saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli da amdenad am epoqas SeiZleba ewodos vaxtang gorgaslis
epoqa~.1
qarTul istoriografiaSi araerTi naSromi mieZRvna vaxtangis
moRvaweobis sxvadasxva mxares.2 amjerad CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania vaxtang gorgasalis epoqis samxedro aspeqtebi,
romlebic SedarebiT naklebadaa Seswavlili.
vaxtangis mefobis samxedro-politikuri aspeqtebis Sesaswavlad
ramdenime wyaro SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. pirvel yovlisa, esaa `cxovreba
vaxtang gorgaslisa~, romlis avtorad, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobili
minaweris mixedviT, miCneulia juanSeri. Cveni matianes uZveles nusxebSi
aris aseTi miTiTeba: `xolo wigni ese qarTvelTa cxovrebisa vidre
vaxtangisamde aRiwereboda JamiTi-Jamad, xolo vaxtang mefisiTgan
vidre aqamomde aRwera juanSer juanSerianman, Zmiswulis qmarman
wmidisa arCilisman, naTesavman revisman, mirianis Zisaman~.3 es arCili
qarTlis erismTavaria, romelic VIII s-is pirvel naxevarSi cxovrobda da
1
mariam lorTqifaniZe, qarTli V saukunis meore naxevarSi (Tbilisi, 1979), 3.
lorTqifaniZe, qarTli V saukunis meore naxevarSi; vaxtang goilaZe, mefe
vaxtang gorgasali (Tbilisi, 2008); misive, gorgasali da misi istorikosi (Tbilisi,
1991); sargis kakabaZe, vaxtang gorgasali (Tbilisi, 1959); misive, vaxtang gorgaslis
xana (Tbilisi, 1994).
3
qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I (Tbilisi, 1955), 248.
2
62
amdenad, aRniSnuli minaweris juanSers, romelic realuri pirovneba
Cans da, marTlac, ixsenieba `arCilis cxovrebaSi~, VIII s-Si unda daewera
es Txzuleba,4 magram `vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis~ teqsti zogierT
iseT realiebs Seicavs, romlebic mis gviandelobazec miuTiTebs.5 amis
gamo, qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebobs Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviT
`vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis~ avtori XI s-is pirveli naxevris
gasulisa da meore naxevris damdegis moRvawe unda iyos.6 kaxa kacitaZe
juanSers VII-VIII saukuneebis moRvawed miiCnevs da aRniSnavs, rom sxva
SemTxvevaSi is ver dawerda mZime, katafraqtuli tipis kavaleriis
arsebobis Sesaxeb qarTlSi, radgan XI saukuneSi aseTi mxedrobis Sesaxeb
aRaravis axsovda, rainduli kavaleria evropaSi mxolod ibadeboda da
qarTvel avtors aseTi katafraqtebis Sesaxeb araferi ecodineboda.7
es argumenti namdvilad ver gamodgeba juanSeris moRvaweobis xanis
dasadgenad, radgan katafraqtebis tipis cxenosani jari bizantiaSi
jerac ar iyo gamqrali da warmoadgenda bizantiur elitur mxedrobas
Semdgom saukuneebSic. saqarTveloSi aseTi cxenosani jaris arsebobas
XI saukuneSi mowmobs giorgi I-s mier Torosani kavaleriis gamoyeneba
bizantiis imperator basili bulgarTmmusvrelis winaaRmdeg omSi.
`XI saukunis bizantieli avtori mixeil ataliate mogviTxrobs, rom
4
Stephen H. Rapp Jr, Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian
Contexts (Louvain, 2003), 114-5.
5
Tumca, SesaZloa am realiebis arseboba gadamwerebis damsaxurebaa, romelTac
VIII saukuneSi dawerili `vaxtang gorgaslis cxovreba~ XI saukuneSi gadaweres amave
periodis terminologiiT. g. anCabaZe Tvlis, rom XI saukuneSi istorikosi saxeliT
juanSeri ar arsebobs da Tu `vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebas~ davaTariRebT XI
saukuniT, maSin unda gamovricxoT, rom misi avtori juanSer juanSeriania. giorgi
anCabaZe, `juanSeri da misi `cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~, saqarTvelos ssr
mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, 4 (1987), 184-8.
6
daviT musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 2004), 139; David
Braund, A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC-AD 562 (Oxford, 1994), 283.
manana sanaZe juanSeris TxzulebaSi XI saukunis realiebs gadamwerebs akuTvnebs.
igi Tvlis, rom juanSeris Txzuleba daiwera VI saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTlis
erismTavar juanSeris mier (586-590 ww.), damamtkicebel sabuTad ki asaxelebs
VI saukunis meore naxevris sasanuris minabaZ qarTul monetas warweriT `jo~
– jomber/juanSer da Semdgomi saukuneebis gadamweri mematianis Secdomas,
romelsac savaraudod erTmaneTSi aeria mefe arCili da wminda arCili da
juanSeris moRvaweoba am ukanasknelis periods daukavSira. manana sanaZe, `juanSer
juanSeriani da misi moRvaweobis xana~, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
Sromebi, t. 338 (2001), 123-8.
7
kaxa kacitaZe, `katafraqtebi Zvel iberiaSi~. [el-versia: www.kalmasoba.com]
63
bizantielebTan 1021-1022 wlebis omSi qarTvelTa `simamaces ara
mxolod simravle ganapirobebda, aramed isic rom umZlavresi abjriT
iyvnen daculi da ara mxolod sakuTar Tavs, aramed SejavSnul da
mouwyvlad cxenebsac yoveli mxridan [abjriT] faravdnen~.8
VIII saukunidan, rodesac uzangi farTod Semovida xmarebaSi da
aRWurviloba kidev ufro damZimda,9 katafraqtebis gaqroba namdvilad
ar aris mosalodneli da es tendencia ufro maT sasargeblod
metyvelebs. uzangis gareSe grZeli SubebiT mebrZoli katafraqtebi
mrisxane Zalas warmoadgendnen, uzangebis daxmarebiT ki maTi saqme
ufro gaadvildeboda da Subis xmarebac ufro mosaxerxebeli
gaxdeboda.
zogadad, juanSeris vaxtang gorgaslis cxovreba ZiriTad wyarod
iTvleba vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaze, miuxedavad
imisa, rom calkeuli adgilebi zRapruli da metismetad legendaruli
Sinaarisaa.10 nodar lomouri aRniSnavs: `samwuxarod, juanSeris
monaTxrobis udidesi nawili ar iZleva safuZvels misdami ndobisa.
Cven mogvixda am wyaros ramdenjerme gaanalizeba da sxva specialistTa
mier am Txzulebis sandoobis mtkicebis gabaTileba~.11
marTlac, juanSerTan aRwerili faqtebis umetesi nawili arasandoa
– pirvel rigSi es exeba iran-bizantiis oms, romelic juanSers
Tu davesesxebiT, mZafrad mimdinareobda V saukuneSi, bizantias
ki aqtiuri aRmosavluri politika hqonda. V saukuneSi bizantiis
imperiaSi metad rTuli situaciaa. imperator zenonis dros (474-91)
iyo gauTavebeli Sida konfliqtebi imperiis sxvadasxva politikur da
socialur dajgufebaTa Soris, ramac araerTxel gamoiwvia ajanyebebi
da saxelmwifo gadatrialebis cdebi. aseT viTarebaSi bizantiis
imperias ar SeeZlo aqtiuri politika ewarmoebina aRmosavleTis
sazRvrebze. piriqiT, misTvis xelsayreli iyo da aucilebelic iranTan
mSvidobiani urTierTobis SenarCuneba.12 amas garda, 460 wlisTvis iranis
8
mamuka wurwumia, `cxenis abjari Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~, Tsu
saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, 5 (2012), 89.
9
mamuka wurwumia, `Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqris socialuri Semadgenloba
da kompleqtacia~, saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, 7 (2013), 102.
10
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II (Tbilisi, 1970), 19.
11
nodar lomouri, saqarTvelos da bizantiis imperiis urTierToba, naw. I
(Tbilisi, 2011), 41-2.
12
lomouri, saqarTvelos da bizantiis imperiis urTierToba, 115.
64
aqtiurobis zonad kavkasiaSi rCeba albaneTi, romelic ajanyebulia,
magram ara qarTli,13 juanSerTan ki Sahi perozi am dros didi
laSqriT Semodis qarTlSi da vaxtang gorgasalTan sisxlismRvrel
da xangrZliv brZolebs aCaRebs. am da sxva bevri faqtis arasandoobis
gamo, juanSeris matianes ver CavTvliT sando wyarod. misi gamoyeneba
mxolod kritikuli gaazrebis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli.
vaxtangis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semonaxuli aqvs mis Tanamedrove, V s-is
meore naxevris somex istorikoss lazar farpecis. es cnobebi savsebiT
realistulia da sando, magram sakmaod mwiria da Tanac mxolod 80-iani
wlebiTaa Semofargluli.14 misi cnobebidan irkveva 482 wels iberiisa
da somxeTis ajanyebis detalebi – vaxtang gorgaslis mier amboxis
wamowyeba da somxebTan dakavSireba, hunebis gadmoyvanis mcdeloba,
brZola Warmanianis velze, ajanyebis marcxi da mefis qveynidan gaqceva.
farpecis cnobebis safuZvelze SegviZlia saTanadod gavaanalizoT
am amboxis garSemo momxdari movlenebi, qarTlisa da somxeTis
mdgomareoba V saukunis bolos, vaxtang gorgaslis, rogorc sardlis da
rogorc mefis moRvaweoba, misi strategiuli da taqtikuri moqmedeba,
qveyanaTa samxedro ponteciali, brZolis wesebi, sabrZolo xerxebi,
diplomatiuri warmateba Tu warumatebloba, somexTa da qarTvelTa
urTierToba, iranis Crdilo-dasavlur olqTa mmarTvelebis
moqmedeba da sasanianTa mdgomareoba perozis mefobis bolo wlebSi.
es mniSvnelovani istoriuli wyaro jer kidev 70-ian wlebSi Targmna da
gamosca l. janaSiam.15
gugareTis sapitiaxSosa da arSuSa pitiaxSze, Tumca ara vaxtang
gorgasalze, saintereso cnobebi moipoveba movses xorenacis `somxeTis
istoriaSi~.16 miuxedavad amisa, is mainc mniSvnelovani wyaroa V saukunis
Sua wlebis kavkasiis qveynebis istoriis Sesaswavlad. vaxtangis epoqis
Sesaswavlad zogierTi mkvlevari farTod iyenebs adreuli Sua
saukuneebis agiografiul nawarmoebebsac, magaliTad, raJdenisa da
SuSanikis cxovrebas, siriel mamaTa cxovrebas, abos cxovrebasa da
gobronis cxovrebas.17
zemoaRniSnuli masalebi qarTveli istorikosebis ganxilvis sagani
Klaus Schippmann, “Fīrūz,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IX, Fasc. 6 (1999), 631-2.
musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, 143.
15
l. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (Tbilisi, 1962).
16
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, 24.
17
iqve, 33.
13
14
65
xSirad gamxdara, gansakuTrebiT didi yuradReba eTmoba juanSeriseul
vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebas. V saukunis II naxevris iberiis samxedropolitikuri istoriis SeswavlisTvis aRsaniSnavia vaxtang goilaZisa
da sargis kakabaZis monografiebi. aq aRar SevexebiT vaxtangis mefobis
daTariRebasTan da sxva samxedro saqmisTvis naklebad mniSvnelovan
faqtebs, romlebic am wignebSia mimoxiluli. orive avtori asaxelebs
lazar farpecis cnobebsac, Tumca misi detaluri mimoxilva
samxedro TvalsazrisiT ar gvaqvs. juanSeris cnobebze dayrdnobiT
istorikosebi aRniSnaven vaxtangis oms peroz SahTan 460 wels,
bizantiis imperator leonis damxmare Zalebis Camosvlas, qarTvelTa
galaSqrebas iranis aRmosavleli mowinaaRmdegeebis winaaRmdeg
kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroebTan da indoeTSic ki; aseve kavad
I-s jarebis SemoWras V saukunis bolosTvis da gorgaslis daRupvas
maTTan omSi. am faqtebis didi nawili dRes saeWvod da daujereblad
JRers. 460 wlisTvis perozis laSqroba iberiaSi ar aRiniSneba, Tumca
am periodisTvis sasanianebs problemebi hqondaT albaneTSi, iberiis
mosazRvre qveyanaSi, romelic vasalur damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda
iranTan da ibrZoda damoukideblobis mopovebisTvis.18 bizantia-irans
Soris V sakunis meore naxevarSi mniSvnelovani samxedro konfrontacia
ar ikveTeba da arc iberiisa da bizantiis urTierTobebia gamokveTili.19
vaxtang gorgaslis laSqroba indoeTSi aseve saeWvo da nakleb sarwmuno
faqtia da ufro juanSeris fantazias unda mivaweroT, vidre realobas.
miuxedavad amisa, goilaZisa da kakabaZis naSromebi mniSvnelovani
da sayuradReboa da bevr saintereso faqtsa Tu mosazrebas Seicavs
aramarto samxedro-politikur, aramed socialur Tu religiur
sakiTxebze.
miuxedavad samxedro istoriis aspeqtebisadmi naklebi yuradRebisa,
qarTlis istoriis sxva problemebis Sesaswavlad uaRresad sainteresoa daviT musxeliSvilis `saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi~ da mariam
lorTqifaniZis `qarTli V saukunis II naxevarSi~.
vaxtang gorgaslis omebi Crdilokavkasiel tomebTan, bizantiasa
da iranTan moiTxovda kargi armiisa da Zlieri mokavSireebis yolas.
Schippmann, “Fīrūz,” 631-2.
mTeli V saukunis manZilze bizantiasa da qarTls Soris araviTari realuri
politikuri urTierToba ar arsebobda, magram 70-80-ian wlebSi TiTqos es
urTierToba isaxeba. lomouri, saqarTvelos da bizantiis imperiis urTierToba,
114.
18
19
66
es ukanaskneli sakiTxi Zalian mniSvnelovani gaxldaT, radgan V
saukunis iberias namdvilad ar gaaCnda iseTi samxedro potenciali,
rom winaaRmdegoba gaewia mezobeli Zlieri imperiebisTvis. iberiis
jarze gavlenas axdenda iranuli da bizantiuri samxedro sistema,
gansakuTrebiT pirveli maTgani, rac iberiaSi sasanianTa Zlieri
poziciisa da mis garSemo arsebuli sparsuli samarzpanoebis arsebobiT
iyo ganpirobebuli. Tavad vaxtangic sasanianTa vasali gaxldaT da
savaraudod, monawileoba unda mieRo iranis mier warmoebul omebSi. es
saSualebas miscemda mas daenaxa maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi. imJamad
sparsuli samxedro Zalebi saukeTesod iTvleboda axlo aRmosavleTSi.
`sasanuri iranis mxedrobam gavlena moaxdina bizantiis samxedro
xelovnebis ganviTarebaze. iranis jaris samxedro SeiaraReba da wyoba
sanimuSo gaxda evropuli saxelmwifoebisTvis. cxenosan barbarosebTan
ramodenime damarcxebam daafiqra evropa axali armiis SeiaraRebasa da
wyobaze. nawili istorikosebisa Sua saukuneebis rainds miiCnevs iranis
mxedarTa samxedro teqnikisa da xelovnebis memkvidred~.20
winamdebare statiaSi ganxilulia vaxtang gorgaslis epoqis
samxedro organizaciisa da qarTuli laSqris Semadgenlobis iseTi
sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: mZime da msubuqi kavaleria, qveiTi jari, jarebis
ricxovnoba da e.w. samxedro ekonomika.
mZime kavaleria. aRmosavluri tipis mZime kavaleriis mxedrebs
katafraqtebi (κατάφρακτος) ewodeboda. berZnulad es sityva `srulad
daculs~ niSnavs. marTlac, katafraqtebi mTlianad daculi iyvnen
brinjaos an rkinis qerclovani tipis abjriT (scale armour)21 an jaWvis
perangiT, xolo e.w. lameralur abjars (lamellar armour)22 ufro
bizantiuri tipis katafraqtebi iyenebdnen. amiane marcelinusi iranul
katafraqtebze wers: `yovel mxedars mTeli tani dafaruli aqvs mcire
firfitebiT. saxe daculia niRbiT…. mTel sxeulze arc erT isars
ar SeuZlia SeaRwios abjarSi, Tu ar moxvda Tvalis win datovebul
mcire saWvrets, aseve mcire WuWrutanas nestoebTan, romliTac
Ж. Флори, Идеология меча (СПБ, 1999), 34.
aseTi tipis abjari ZiriTadad tyavze damagrebuli metalis firfitebisgan
Sedgeboda. es firfitebi umTavresad U-formis iyo da zemodan qvemoT iyo
mimarTuli. Mamuka Tsurtsumia, “The Evolution of Splint Armour in Georgia and Byzantium:
Lamellar and Scale Armour in the 10th-12th Centuries,” Byzantina Symmeikta, 21 (2011), 67.
22
lamelaruli abjari warmoadgenda erTmaneTze damagrebul asobiT liTonis
marTkuTxa firfitas. Tsurtsumia, “The Evolution of Splint Armour in Georgia and Byzantium,”
69.
20
21
67
meomari gaWirvebiT sunTqavs. SubebiT SeiaraRebul meomarTa nawili
idga uZravad, ise rom, kacs egoneboda, TiTqos isini rkinis jaWvebiT
iyvnen dabmulni. maT gverdiT iyvnen ganlagebulni mSvildosnebi~.23
katafraqtebi atarebdnen grZel, kontosis tipis sakavalerio
Subebs, sabrZolo, bunikian kverTxebsa da maxvilebs. ufro msubuqi
katafraqtebi mSvild-isarsac iyenebdnen. katafraqtebis erTian,
masiur ieriSs gaSlil velze mowinaaRmdegisTvis sasikvdilo dartymis
miyeneba SeeZlo. Semdeg brZolaSi qveiTi jari erTveboda, mtris
areul rigebs ukan axevinebda da brZolis vels ikavebda. gaqceul
mowinaaRmdeges msubuqad SeiaraRebuli cxenosani jari misdevda,
romelic brZolis drosac erTveboda moqmedebaSi – ZiriTadad
isrebs uSenda mters. SeiZleba gavixsenoT kares brZola Zv.w. 53 wels
parTelebsa da romaelebs Soris, sadac sparselebma swored kavaleriis
manevrebiT gaimarjves da mcire msxverplis fasad gaanadgures markus
krasusis jarebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom katafraqtebi mxolod erT,
mTlian razmad moqmedebisas iyvnen efeqturebi.24 yvela im brZolaSi,
sadac gaimarjves, isini swored aseTi taqtikiT moqmedebdnen.
es mZime kavaleria aRmoCnda cxenosani jaris erTaderTi saxeoba,
romelsac pirispir brZolaSi SeeZlo win aRdgomoda romaul legions,
ara epizodurad, aramed yovelTvis. `Tu legioni iyo antikuri samxedro
xelovnebis umaRlesi miRweva qveiT jarSi, igives warmoadgenda
kavaleriaSi katafraqtebi~.25
rac Seexeba romaul armiaSi aRmosavluri tipis mZime kavaleriis
gamoCenis sakiTxs, saWiroa aRvniSnoT, rom Tavdapirvelad romaeli
mxedrebi xelSubebiTa da mokle SubebiT ibrZodnen, IV saukunidan
ki sarmatebisa da alanebis gavleniT aiTvises grZeli, saZgerebeli
Subebis gamoyeneba.26 pirveli romauli katafraqtebic sarmatuli
mZime kavaleriis msgavsad iyvnen SeiaraRebulebi. iyenebdnen
segmentur muzaradsa da qerclovan abjars, ibrZodnen grZeli
23
Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman Antiquities, Book XXV (Cambridge, 1940), 477.
parTeli katafraqtebi karas brZolaSi sabrZolo xazebad iyvnen ganlagebulebi
da TiTqos cxenosan falangas qmnidnen. maT Seuties mowinaaRmdeges, gaarRvies
or nawilad da amiT TiTqmis gadawyvites brZolis bedi (Plut., Crass. 25). А. Хазанов,
“Катафрактарии и их роль в истории военного искусства,” Вестник древней истории, 1 (1968).
[el-versia: www.xlegio.ru].
25
iqve.
26
David Nicolle, European Medieval Tactics, vol 1, The Fall and Rise of Cavalry 450-1260 (Oxford,
2011), 17.
24
68
SubebiT, romelic orive xelSi eWiraT, amitom pirvel romaul katafraqtebs farebi ar hqondaT. mogvianebiT jaris es saxeoba ufro
iranuls daemsgavsa. dasavleT romis imperiaSi SedarebiT msubuqad
SeiaraRebuli katafraqtTa razmebi iyo, xolo aRmosavleTSi, sadac
romaelebs brZola uwevdaT sasanuri iranis TaviT fexebamde SeWurvil
kavaleriasTan, mZime Clibanarii SenaerTebi Camoyalibda, romelic
SedarebiT gansxvavdeboda dasavleT romauli katafraqtebisgan.
miuxedavad gansxvavebisa, amiane marcelinusi orive saxels erTsa da
imave konteqstSi moixseniebs. amas garda, Clibanarii-s ufro maRali
statusi hqonda romis jarSi, vidre katafraqtebs.
romis jarSi iyo Equites Sagittarii Clibanarii – iranelTa mZime
cxenosan-mSvildosanTa msgavsi SenaerTic. rogorc Notitia Dignitatum27
gadmogvcems, V saukunis dasawyisisTvis romis jarSi mSvildosanTa 67
SenaerTidan – 54 cxenosani iyo. popularuli iyo kavaleriis saxeoba
Hippo-Toxotai – mxedrebi, romelTac hqondaT mSvild-isarica da Subic.
Notitia Dignitatum-Si imperiis yvela mxareSi momsaxure cxenosan-moisarTa
razmebia dasaxelebuli, Tumca maTi umetesoba mainc aRmosavleTis
garnizonebSi28 msaxurobda.29
aRsaniSnavia, rom IV saukunidan romaelma qveiTebma ostaturad
iswavles katafraqtebTan brZola. es taqtika Cans imperator
iuliane gandgomilis iranuli laSqrobis im brZolaSi, sadac
TviTon iuliane mZimed daiWra: `centrs da marcxena flangs mZime
kavaleriam da spiloebma mZafrad Seuties. romaelebma am masis
mogerieba SeZles gawvrTnili msubuqi qveiTebiT, romlebic zurgSi
urtyamdnen da xelSubebs uyridnen mZimed SeWurvil mxedrebs,
spiloebs ki fexebze Cxvletdnen~.30 mavrikiosis `strategikonSi~
weria: `arcerTi tipis jari ar aris daumarcxebeli. mTavari ar iyo
27
Notitia Dignitatum – Zveli romauli dokumenti, romelSic asaxulia IV-V saukunis
periodis imperiis samxedro da administraciuli struqtura. Notitia Dignitatum
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa im periodis didi brZolebis Sesaswavladac.
miuxedavad imisa, rom is adrianopolis brZolis Semdeg wlebSia dawerili,
istorikosebs didi daxmareba gauwia am bataliaSi romaelTa armiis Semadgenlobisa
da struqturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. Simon MacDowall, Adrianople AD 378: the Goths crush
Rome’s legions (Oxford, 2001), 17.
28
aRmosavleT imperiis savele armiebSi fexosan mSvildosanTa razmebi ufro
meti iyvnen, vidre cxenosani-mSvildosnebi.
29
Nicolle, European Medieval Tactics, 7.
30
Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (London, 2000), 310.
69
is, iyvnen Tu ara katafraqtebi daumarcxeblebi, aramed is, rom isini
warmoedginaT daumarcxeblebad da maTi survilic iyo, rom aseTebad
warmoCeniliyvnen~.31
mZime aRWurvilobidan gamomdinare, katafraqtebi utevdnen
mWidro rigebad, riTic iyenebdnen TavianT upiratesobas da faravdnen
nakls – nakleb manevrulobas da SezRudul moZraobis unars. ieriSze
gadasuli katafraqtTa razmebi, win momarjvebuli SubebiT, kargad iyo
daculi mtris xelSubebisa da isrebisgan, aseve, xmlebisa da Subebisgan,
amitomac mrisxane Zalas warmoadgenda. Zveli avtorebi mogviTxroben
sxvadasxva xerxebze katafraqtebTa dasaSlelad (zemoT ukve aRvniSneT romaelTa sabrZolo xerxi katafraqtebTan brZolisTvis).32
gancalkevebuli katafraqtebi ufro advili nadavli xdebodnen
mowinaaRmdegisTvis, gansakuTrebiT Tu mas cxenidan Camoagdebdnen.
katafraqtebis erT-erTi warumatebeli brZola iyo ax.w. 69 wels
meziaze Tavdasxmis dros roqsolani katafraqtebis dapirispireba
romaelebTan. msubuqad SeiaraRebuli romaeli jariskacebi gancalkevebul roqsolan mxedrebs xelSubebiTa da grZeli SubebiT utevdnen da xmlebiT Cexavdnen maT.33
juanSeris vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebaSi aris mniSvnelovani
teqsti, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi iberielTa da sparselTa
jaris alan-osebTan da maT mokavSireebTan brZolas ukavSirdeba:
`xolo spani igi waremarTnen ganmzadebulni, cxen-Tornosanni da
jaWu-Cabalaxosanni, wina kerZo da maT ukana queiTni, da queiTTa
ukana simravle mxedarTa, da esreT mimarTes ovsTa xolo ovsni
Маврикий, Стратегикон (С.-Петербург, 1903). [el-versia: www.libgen.org].
lukulusis qveiTebma tigranokertTan brZolaSi zurgidan mouares somex
katafraqtebs da uknidan daartyes, sadac isini naklebad iyvnen daculebi.
romaelebi maT zurgSi Subebsa da xmlebs uyridnen da xocavdnen (Plut., Luc. 26).
publius krasusis gali mxedrebi katafraqtTa grZel Subebs eWidebodnen da
maT cxenidan Camogdebas cdilobdnen an maTi cxenis qveS Zvrebodnen da mucels
ufatravdnen (Plut., Crass. 25). 357 wels alemanebisa da romaelebis omisas, alemanebma
SeumCnevlad scades Casafrebodnen romaul klibanarebs da zurgidan daertyaT
(Amm. Marc., XVI, 12, 22). Zirs Camovardnili mxedari SedarebiT umweo xdeboda da
es xerxi yvelaze gavrcelebuli iyo. amas aRniSnavs heliodorec. Гелиодор (IX, 15).
Хазанов, `Катафрактарии и их роль в истории военного искусства.”
33
Tac., Hist. I, 79. swored roqsolani katafraqtebis marcxma gadawyvita brZolis
bedi. Tovlis dnobam kidev ufro gauadvila romaelebs saqme, xolo roqsolanebs
gaqcevaSi SeuSala xeli. Heliod., IX, 15; Amm. Marc., XVI, 12, 38. Хазанов, “Катафрактарии и
их роль в истории военного искусства.”
31
32
70
warmodges qarafsa zeda da daasxes isari, viTarca wvima mZlavri~.34
juanSeriseuli teqstis mixedviT Cans, rom gorgaslis armiis
meomrebi iyvnen `cxen-Tornosanni da jaWu-Cabalaxosanni~ – anu rogorc
mxedari, ise cxeni abjriT iyo dafaruli da saqme gvaqvs iranuli tipis
katafraqtebTan, romlis msgavsi unda hyolodaT somxebs, albanelebs
da iberebs.35 es cxenosnebi mefis gvardiidan an varaz-bakuris sparsuli
jaridan unda yofiliyvnen: `da gamogzavna varaz-bakur spani Tvisni
Tormeti aTasi mxedari~.36
k. kacitaZe aRniSnavs, rom katafraqtebi iberiis samefoSi farsman
I-sa da amazaspis drosac unda yofiliyvnen da rom, iberielebi maT
I-VI saukuneebSi iyenebdnen. aseve, strabonis cnobas albanelTa
aRWurvilobis Sesaxeb (romelTa msgavsi, berZeni avtoris gadmocemiT,
iberielebsac hqondaT) miiCnevs imis dasturad, rom iberiaSi mZime
kavaleria unda arsebuliyo. amasTanave, plutarqes mier lukulusisa
da tigran II-s brZolaSi dasaxelebul iberiel Subosnebsac Tvlis
mxedrebad da miiCnevs, rom isinic katafraqtebi unda yofiliyvnen.
amis mizezad mohyavs `mardTa~ moisari cxenosani jari, romelTa
gverdiT idgnen iberebi, yvelaze `brZolisJinianebi~ tigranis armiaSi;
radgan mardebi msubuqi mxedrebi iyvnen da es dazustebulia, iberebs,
romlebic Subosnebad arian dasaxelebulebi, mZime kavaleriad
miiCnevs.37 strabonis zemoT dasaxelebuli cnobis mixedviT arc
g. gamyreliZe gamoricxavs I-II saukuneebSi qarTlsa da albaneTSi
katafraqtebis gamoyenebas.38
miuxedavad am argumentebisa, mkvlevari gverds ver auqcevs
plutarqes teqstis im fragments, sadac is wers: `maT [romaelebis]
win mowinaaRmdegis kavaleriis da rCeuli meomrebis uzarmazari
masa aRimarTa~. am epizodSi arsadaa dakonkretebuli, rom iberebi
aucileblad Subosnebi arian. rCeuli meomrebi ki sulac ar aris
aucilebeli mxedrebi yofiliyvnen. amas garda, savsebiT SesaZlebelia
cxenosani mardebis gverdiT qveiTi da ara mxedari iberieli
Subosnebis yofna. qveiT jars yovelTvis sWirdeba kavaleriis
34
juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa (Tbilisi, 1955), 10.
Хазанов, “Катафрактарии и их роль в истории военного искусства.”
36
juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, 8.
37
kaxa kacitaZe, katafraqtebi Zvel iberiaSi. [el-versia: www.kalmasoba.com].
38
Страбон (XI, 4, 4-5). vrclad Zveli iberiisa da kolxeTis SeiaraRebaze ix. gela
gamyreliZe, omi da SeiaraReba iberia-kolxeTSi (Tbilisi, 2010).
35
71
daxmareba, romelic flangebidan da zurgidan icavs mas. cxenosanmoisar mardebs ki mowinaaRmdegis dacxrilva, dafantva da Sewuxeba
SeeZloT. rogorc cnobilia, romaelebs Zalian uWirdaT aseTi tipis
kavaleriasTan brZola, rac parTelebTan da sasanelebTan omebSi
kargad gamoCnda. tigranakertis brZolis epizodSi sagangebodaa
gamoyofili tigranis mZime, katafraqtuli kavaleriac, romelic
somxeTis armiis umniSvnelovanesi nawili iyo, magram msgavsi ram
iberielebis dasaxelebisas ar gvxvdeba. sabolood unda davaskvnaT,
rom am epizodis mixedviT ar Cans, rom tigranakertTan brZolaSi
iberieli katafraqtebi monawileobdnen.
rogorc arqeologiuri da dokumenturi masalidan Cans,
qarTvelebSi mokle (satyorcni) da grZeli Subi antikuri xanidan
ZiriTadi iaraRi gaxldaT.39 amas adasturebs herodote, qsenofonti,
straboni, plutarqe, gomis sasmisis gamosaxuleba da sxva arqeologiuri
aRmoCenebi.40 SegviZlia aseTad CavTvaloT strabonis cnoba iberiel
Subosnebze. aSkaraa, rom ufro meti safuZveli gagvaCnia vimsjeloT
tigranakertis brZolaSi iberieli meomrebis qveiTad da ara mxedrad
monawileobaze.
m. wurwumiam daukavSira qarTuli Torni termin Torn -es, iseve
rogorc klibanariebis saxelwodeba momdinareobs sityvidan
Clibanus (Rumeli). misi sinonimi arsebobs sparsulSic – tanurig,
rac Rumels niSnavs, sityva-sityviT ki `Rumelis kacs~: `cxadia,
rom `Torni~ Sinaarsobrivad igive konstruqciaa, rac klibanari da
tanurigi. amave dros terminis siZvele miuTiTebs saqarTveloSi
cxenis SejavSnis xangrZliv tradiciaze, romelic saTaves iberiis
samefoSi iRebs~.41 rogorc juanSeri aRwers, Tavad mefis cxenic
abjriTaa Semosili – `aRjda taiWsa SeWurvilsa javSniTa~.42 `javSani sparsuli warmoSobisaa da sxeulis, mkerdis abjars niSnavs. javSani, Cveulebriv, lameraluri konstruqciis kirasas aRniSnavda.
lameraluri abjaria igive Torni. juanSeris `cxen-Torosanic~
39
antikuri xanis saqarTvelos arqeologiur monacemebSi Subispirebi, sxva
iaraRTan SedarebiT, procentulad pirvel adgilze Cans, rac imis niSania, rom im
dros Subi ZiriTad sabrZolo iaraRs warmoadgenda. gamyreliZe, omi da SeiaraReba
iberia-kolxeTSi, 142.
40
iqve,144.
41
wurwumia, `cxenis abjari Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~, 88.
42
juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, 9.
72
lameraluri tipis abjriT dafarul cxens unda aRniSnavdes~.43
is, rom mZime SeiaraReba imdroindel saqarTveloSi realurad
arsebobda, amas arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili
masalac adasturebs. cxenis akazmuloba, rkinis jaWvis perangi,
rkinis muzaradi I-II saukuneebSia arqeologiurad dadasturebuli.
liTonis firfitovani abjris firfitebi elinisturi xanis
arqeologiuri Zeglebis gaTxrebis drosaa napovni. magaliTad,
vanisa da sairxis naqalaqarze (Zv.w. IV s.), magram zogadad am tipis
nivTebi metad mwiria, rac SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom javSani
ZiriTadad selis an tyavis iyo da amitom ver Semoinaxa miwam.44
abjris nawilebi urbnisis naqalaqarzec aRmoCnda, im damwvar
da ganadgurebul nagebobebSi, romelTa daqcevis TariRad V-VI
saukuneebis mijnaa miRebuli. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom urbnisis es
`dawva da dangreva~ V saukunis bolosa da VI saukunis dasawyisSi
iranelTa qarTlSi Semosvlisa da maTTan qarTlis laSqris brZolis
dros moxda. am dros saomari operaciebi umTavresad Sida qarTlSi
mimdinareobda da swored samSoblos dacvisas daRupuli meomris
jaWvis perangi Semogvinaxa miwam.45 Tumca, es ar aris cxenis abjari
da ver gamodgeba katafraqtTa arsebobis dasadastureblad.
savaraudod, es qveiTis aRWurvilobis nawili unda iyos. cxenis
saSuble – liTonis damcavi firfita, romelic cxenis Tavs icavda,
aRmoCenilia baRlanSi, aseve, vanis naqalaqarSi. aseTi tipis
saSubleebi ufro metad gavrcelebuli iyo iranSi (aRmoCenilia
babajanSi, luristanSi, zivieSi), magram, savaraudod, baRlanSi
aRmoCenili saSuble elinistur xanas ganekuTvneba, amitom guram
kvirkvelia mas pergamonis aTena nikeforos poliasis taZris
frizze gamosaxul saSubles adarebs. aRmosavleTSi msgavs cxenis
saSubleebs ufro sabrZolo etlebisTvis gankuTvnili cxenebisTvis
iyenebdnen, berZnul samyaroSi ki kavaleristebis aRWurvilobaSi
Sedioda. zogadad, vanisa da baRlanis aRmoCenebi metyvelebs
dasavleT saqarTveloSi aseTi aRWurvilobis arsebobis Sesaxeb
elinistur periodSi.46 sxva arqeologiuri aRmoCenebidan samxedro
43
wurwumia, `cxenis abjari Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~, 91.
gamyreliZe gela da sxv., Zveli saqarTvelos samxedro istoriis sakiTxebi
(Tbilisi, 2005), 142-3.
45
lorTqifaniZe, qarTli V saukunis II naxevarSi, 56-7.
46
guram kvirkvelia, `antikuri xanis cxenis saSuble baRlanidan~,
44
73
TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Tagiloni47, kldeeTi48, sairxe49 da sxv.50
cxadia, rom mZime abjar-saWurvlisa da kargi SeiaraRebis qona
mxolod mdidars da maRali socialuri fenis warmomadgenels SeeZlo.
qarTlis jarSi mZime kavaleria unda gamosuliyo `warCinebulTagan~,
romelnic TavisTavad sakmaod diferencirebulni iyvnen (`sefewulebad~, `mTavrebad~, `erisTavebad~ da sxv.51) da aznaurTa klass
qmnidnen. amaTgan yvelaze maRali wris warmomadgenlebi da mefis
uaxloesi pirebi gvardiaSi – `rCeul mxedrebSi~ Sediodnen.52 am
samxedro aristokratiis mTavari warmomadgenlebi iyvnen spaspeti
anu Sida qarTlis erisTavi da samefos mTavarsardali da danarCeni
erisTavebi, romlebic spaspets emorCilebodnen,53 es ukanaskneli ki
mefisgan moniWebuli uflebiT sargeblobda.54 erisTavebi calkeuli
saerisTavoebis jarebs xelmZRvanelobdnen da omis dros spaspetis55
antikuri xanis kolxeTis arqeologiis sakiTxebi , damatebani IV (2001), 55-9.
47
TagilonSi aRmoCenilia jaWvis perangisa da muzaradis nawilebi, maxvilis (an
satevris) vadis oqros garsakravebi, rkinis lagami, sartylis an cxenis avSaris
Sesamkobeli. r. xvistani, `sabeWdavi Tagilonidan~, Zeglis megobari, 62 (1983), 36-8.
48
kldeeTis samarovanSi aRmoCenilia ax.w. II saukunis brinjaos kverTxi, jaWvis
perangis naSTebi, rkinis samfrTiani isrispirebi, Subispiri, satevrebi, culi
da maxvili, romlis kotas oqros budeSi Casmuli sardionis gema aMmSvenebs. g.
lomTaTiZe, kldeTis samarovani axali welTaRricxvis II saukunisa (Tbilisi, 1957).
49
sairxeSi aRmoCenili nivTebi – culispirebi, isrispirebi, Subispirebi
TariRdeba Zv.w. II - ax.w. II saukuneebiT. j. nadiraZe, `arqeologiuri Zeglebi
sairxeSi~, sabWoTa xelovneba, 7 (1964), 52-5.
50
gamyreliZe, omi da SeiaraReba iberia-kolxeTSi, 11-2.
51
ZvelqarTuli da Zvelsomxuri wyaroebidan Cans, rom feodalur wyobaze
gadasvlis periodSi, IV-VI saukuneebSi, qarTlis umaRlesi fenis aRmniSvneli
bevri termini gaCnda: `erisTavni~ (somx. `naxararebi~), `mTavarni~ (somx. `iSxanebi~),
`mamasaxlisni~ (somx. `tanuterebi~), `pitiaxSni~, `sefewulni~, `aznaurni diddidni~, `warCinebulni~ da a.S. Георгий Меликишвили, К истории древней Грузии (Тбилиси,
1959), 470.
52
musxeliSvili, `socialuri viTareba IV-V saukuneebis qarTlSi~, analebi, 1
(2002), 10.
53
Меликишвили, К истории древней Грузии, 459.
54
sparsuli wodeba pitiaxSi saqarTveloSi erisTavTan unda yofiliyo
gaigivebuli. pitiaxSebs jer parTia, Semdeg ki sasanuri irani niSnavda, magram V
saukuneSi Cans, rom qarTlSi adgilobrivi pitiaxSebic arian, magaliTad, arSuSa da
varsqeni qarTlis samefos erisTavebi iyvnen da samxedro valdebulebac eqnebodaT.
Меликишвили, К истории древней грузии, 459-60.
55
samefo dinastiis wevrebi da naTesavebi (`sefewulni~) umaRles saxelmwifo
Tanamdebobebs ikavebdnen. iqve, 470.
74
xelmZRvanelobiT ikribebodnen. `erisTavi~ rogorc socialuri, ise
samxedro TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT, radgan ZvelqarTuli
termini `eri~, aRniSnavs rogorc `xalxs~, ise `jarsac~. TiToeuli
erisTavi miuZRvis Tavis saerisTavoSi Sekrebil samxedro SenaerTs. amas
garda, g. meliqiSvili Tvlis, rom pliniusis cnoba somxeTSi arsebuli
120 prefeqturis – `strategiebis~ arseboba, gvaZlevs safuZvels
miviCnioT igive tipis samxedro-administraciul erTeulebad qarTlSi
arsebuli `xevebi~, romelTa Soris Zveli istoriuli wyarobis mixedviT
zogjer didi teritoriuli olqebic – klarjeTi, kaxeTi, egrisi,
SavSeTi, samcxe, artaani moixsenieba.56 `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ jer
kidev farnavazis mefobis xanidan Cans saerisTavoebis Camoyalibeba,
SemdegSi ki vxedavT, rom TiToeuli saerisTao zogjer ramdenime xevs
aerTianebs.57 aseTi msxvili administraciuli erTeulebi `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ mixedviT ufro patara nawilebad iyofoda. erisTavebs
emorCilebodnen maT mier sxvadasxva adgilas daniSnuli spasalarebi
da aTasisTavebi. kaspSi aseTi spasalaris arsebobis Sesaxeb juanSeris
TxzulebaSi weria. mas gasazrdelad aZleven vaxtang gorgaslis
mcirewlovan das (vaxtangis aRmzrdeli Sida qarTlis spaspeti
unda yofiliyo). es wvrili aristokratia SesaZloa TviTonac
atarebda erisTavis tituls, rasac SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes iseTi
titulebis gaCena, rogoricaa erisTavT-erisTavi da erismTavarT
erismTavari – anu ufrosi erisTavi. did erisTavebs emorCilebodnen
erisTavebi, cixisTavebi, mamasaxlisebi, SesaZloa kidev sxva, CvenTvis
ucnobi wodebis xalxi.58 zogadad, am yvelafridan Cans, rom qarTlSi
arsebobda administraciul-samxedro teritoriuli erTeulebi,
TiToeul maTgans gamohyavda jari, romelSic aristokratuli, mZime
cxenosani nawilebis garda, iyo msubuqi mxedroba da qveiTTa razmebi.
simon janaSia aRniSnavs, rom gvarovnuli sazogadoeba warmoadgens
`samxedro demokratias~. xalxi da jari aq erTmaneTisagan ganuyrelni
arian. yoveli eris kaci, yoveli `saxlisSvili~ imave dros meomaria.
`eris kaci~ jariskacsac niSnavs~.59
qarTlis samefoSi unda yofiliyo regularuli samxedro
56
iqve, 464.
iqve, 464-5.
58
iqve, 465-6.
59
simon janaSia, Sromebi, II (Tbilisi, 1952), 131. Меликишвили, К истории древней
грузии, 459-62.
57
75
danayofic –mefis gvardia, romelic SesaZloa moqiravne ucxouri
elementisgan, magaliTad, alanebisgan yofiliyo dakompleqtebuli.
giorgi meliqiSvili farsman II-Tvis romis imperator adrianes mier
gamogzavnili 50 legioneris adgilsac swored samefo gvardiis
SemadgenlobaSi xedavs. gvardiaSi iyvnen mefis axlobeli pirebi da
naTesavebi – `sefewulebi~. isini am SenaerTis Semadgeneli razmebis
meTaurebad msaxurobdnen.60
rogorc vxedavT, Cven ar SegviZlia sakmarisi arqeologiuri
Tu dokumenturi masalis moyvana qarTlis jarSi katafraqtuli
kavaleriis arsebobis dasamtkiceblad, magram arsebuli mwiri
informaciisa da mezobel qveyanaTa samxedro sistemebTan SedarebiT
logikurad migvaCnia misi arseboba.
qveiTebi. iranuli samxedro sistemis msgavsad, rogor Cans, V
saukunidan fexosnebi arc iberiis jarSi ar asrulebdnen wamyvan
rols, magram, miuxedavad amisa, kavaleriis miRweuli Sedegi maT
unda ganemtkicebinaT, daekavebinaT poziciebi. aseve, fexosnebi
iRebdnen mtris cixe-simagreebsac. maT Soris umetesoba msubuqad
iyo SeiaraRebuli, radgan abjar-saWurveli Zviri jdeboda, xolo
Raribebs ar SeeZloTG didebulTa msgavsad aRWurviliyvnen. Tumca,
SedarebiT martivi, msubuqi saWurveli da muzaradebi qveiT jarSi
gamoricxuli ar aris.61 iqneb, amasTan dakavSirebiT uwoda maT juanSerma
`mkvircxli erisai~. msubuqi qveiTi jari ZiriTadad SeiaraRebuli
iyo xelSubebiT, mSvild-isrebiT, SurdulebiT, SubebiTa da farebiT.
Меликишвили, К истории древней грузии, 467. mose xoreneli wers iberiel
`sefewulebze~, romlebic Sediodnen mefis gvardiaSi `gundSi~ da samagierod
Rebulobdnen TavianT mflobelobaSi soflebsa da mamulebs. favstos buzandi ki
IV saukunis qarTlSi mimdinare represiebis Sesaxeb, romelsac somexTa sardali
muSegi warmarTavda, aRniSnavs, rom es represiebi `farnavazianebs~, `naxararebsa~
da `azatebs~ Seexo. aqedan vxedavT sam privilegirebul fenas – farnavazianebs anu
samefo dinastiis wevrebs (igive sefewulebi), samxedro aristokratiis umaRles
warmomadgenlebs – erisTavebs (somx. naxarari) da samxedro fenas – azatebs anu
aznaurebs. История Армении Фавстос Бузанда, Перевод и коментарии М.А. Геворгяна (Ереван,
1953), 162-3. Меликишвили, К истории древней грузии, 468.
61
iberi meomrebisaTvis muzaradi TavdacviTi SeiaraRebis aucilebel nawils
Seadgenda. arqeologiuri masalis mixedviT Cans, rom elinistur xanaSi iberiakolxeTSi qveiTTa liTonis muzaradebi gamoiyeneboda, istoriuli wyaroebis
mixedviT Zvel kolxeTSi xis muzaradebsac iyenebdnen, pompeusTan brZolis dros
ki iberielebs tyavis muzaradebi exuraT. gamyreliZe, omi da SeiaraReba iberiakolxeTSi, 142.
60
76
qveiTi jari ricxovnobiT cxenosans Warbobda, radgan adrefeodalur
sazogadoebaSi jari xalxis farTo masebisgan gamodioda, sadac yoveli
mamakaci samxedrovaldebulad ganixileboda.62
V saukuneSi im socialuri fenis aRsaniSnavad, romlisganac qveiTi
jari da SeiZleba nawilobriv msubuqi mxedrobac gamodioda, SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT juanSeris `wurili eri~. aseT `wuril erisaganT~ piradi
Tavisufleba jEer kidev SerCenili aqvT, iseve rogorc, samamule
uflebani saTemo Tu kerZo mflobelobis saxiT; isini uzenaes
xelisufals, mefes damorCilebuli wvrili miwaTmflobelebi arian,
qonebrivad saSualo da wvrili mesakuTreni. `wurili erisgan~
socialur-ekonomikuri
diferenciaciis
Sedegad
aRzevebuli
`msaxurni~ ki, rogorc Cans, msubuq cxenosan jarSi ibrZodnen
(`simravle mxedarTa~).63 dabali fenis meomarTa raodenoba, bunebrivia,
aRemateboda mcirericxovan didebulTa fenas da Sesabamisad
mniSvnelovani roli unda Seesrulebina vaxtang gorgaslis samxedro
kampaniebSi.64
sasanuri iranis qveiT jarze prokopi kesarieli aRniSnavs: `sacodav
glexTa brbo, romelic brZolaSi iseTi miznebisTvis Tu erTveba,
rogoricaa kedlis saZirkvlis gamoTxra da mkvdrebis gaZarcva,
maTi mTavari daniSnuleba ki meomarTa (e.i cxenosnis) msaxurebaa~.65
sasanianTa qveiTi jaris did nawils Seadgenda paigani – saxalxo laSqari,
SubebiTa da didi farebiT aRWurvili. maT SenaerTebs meTaurobdnen
paigan-salarebi. paiganebi icavdnen aRals, saWurvelTmtvirTvelebad
emsaxurebodnen savaranis (elituri SenaerTi) mxedrebs. qveiTebi
brZolis dros mWidro rigebad ibrZodnen. maTi samxedro momzadebis
done da sabrZolo morali dabali iyo, radgan isini ar iyvnen regularul
samxedro samsaxurSi da maT ricxobriv odenobasac samxedro kampaniis
masStabebi wyvetda. paiganebi gansakuTrebiT saWiro iyvnen qalaqebis
alyis dros. gamorCeulad Zlier fexosan nawilebs Seadgendnen
midielebi, romlebic jer kidev aqemenidebis droidan ganTqmulni
62
wurwumia, `Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqris socialuri Semadgenloba da
kompleqtacia~, 95. simon janaSias mixedviT, monaTmflobelurma wyobilebam
saqarTveloSi fexi ver moikida da ver Camoyalibda formaciad. gvarovnuli
wyobileba aq feodalizmma Caanacvla. janaSia, Sromebi, II, 131.
63
musxeliSvili, `socialuri viTareba IV-V saukuneebis qarTlSi~, 12.
64
armiis ZiriTadi kontigenti iyo saxalxo laSqari – Tavisufali miwaTmoqmedebi
omSi sakuTari aRWurvilobiT gadiodnen. Меликишвили, К истории древней грузии, 466.
65
Procopius, History of the Wars: Persian War, Book I, XIV (London, 1924), 22-30.
77
iyvnen qveiTi jariT, meSurduleebiTa da xelSubosnebiT. iranis
armiaSi msaxurobdnen hefTaliTebi, quSanebi, dailamelebi, qurTebi,
anatolielebi, albanelebi, aseve somxebi da iberielebi.66 sasanianTa
dros irans hyavda mZimed aRWurvili qveiTi jaric. amiane marcelinusi
maT SeiaraRebas `gladiatorebisas~ adarebs, zogadad ki maT `duraevroposis~ tips miakuTvneben.67 maT emosaT jaWvis perangi, muzaradi,
hqondaTG farebi, maxvilebi da Subebi. iranelebi gansakuTrebiT
gawafulebi iyvnen mSvildosnobaSi da xelCarTul brZolaSi Cabmas
Soridan isris tyorcnas amjobinebdnen.
iberiel qveiTebs ver SevadarebT romaul-bizantiur regularul
qveiT samxedro nawilebs, romlebic romis jaris mTavar Zalas
warmoadgendnen. isini kargad iyvnen aRWurvilebi, maRali sabrZolo
Rirebulebac gaaCndaT da pirvelxarisxovani samxedro amocanebisTvis
iyvnen gankuTvnilni, miuxedavad imisa, rom IV saukunidan imperiis
armiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili cxenosanma nawilebma daikaves, rac
mZlavri kavaleriis mqone barbarosebTan brZolisTvis iyo saWiro.
msubuqi mxedroba. `simravle mxedarTa~, romelic juanSeris
mixedviT vaxtang gorgaslis jaris ariergards Seadgens alanebTan
omSi, msubuq kavalerias warmoadgenda. maT Soris SeiZleba
vivaraudoT rogorc mokavSire momTabare mxedrebi, aseve qarTlis
saSualo fenidan gamosuli meomrebi, romlebsac ar gaaCndaT iseTi
ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi, rogoric didebulTa fenas hqonda. isini
66
iranis Careva am qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi TandaTanobiT aqtiurdeboda.
sakuTari kursis ganxorcieleba iranma axali saxis samxedro begariT daiwyo
da V saukunis 40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qarTlidan da albaneTidan cxenosani
razmebi gaiwvia. am samxedro Zalas iranis xelisufleba umTavresad Sua aziaSi
warmoebul brZolebSi iyenebda.A amierkavkasiis qveynebidan samxedro razmebis
gayvana, garda iranis SesaZleblobaTa gazrdisa, sakuTriv somxeTis, qarTlisa da
albaneTis samxedro potencialis Semcirebas da Sesabamisad, sasanianTa winaaRmdeg
SesaZlo gamosvlebis Sesustebas isaxavda miznad. iranis xelisuflebis cda,
gaevrcelebina mazdeanoba im samxedro razmebSi, romelnic Sua aziaSi sasanianTa
metoqeebs ebrZodnen, marcxiT dasrulda. m. lorTqifaniZe, `vaxtang gorgaslis
diplomatiuri moRvaweobis istoriidan~, qarTuli diplomatia, 1 (1994), 79-80.
67
dura-evroposi iyo qalaqi siriaSi. Zv.w. II saukunidan dapyrobili hqonda
parTias. 165 wels romaelebma daikaves. 256 wels qalaqi sasanianebma aiRes. duraevroposis taZrebisa da sasaxlis kedlebze saintereso moxatulobebi gvxvdeba,
aseve, aq Catarebulia arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, ramac saSualeba misca istorikosebs
emsjelaT rogorc qalaqis istoriaze, aseve romaelebisa da iranelebis sabrZolo
SeiaraRebaze. gansakuTrebiT es ukanasknelia mniSvnelovani, radgan iranel
qveiTTa aRWurvilobaze arcTu mdidari masala gagvaCnia.
78
unda yofiliyvnen ZiriTadad msaxurTa fenidan. msubuq kavaleriaSi
iqneboda rogorc mSvildosan mxedarTa nawilebi, aseve xelCarTuli
brZolis iaraRebiT aRWurvilnic.
juanSeri alanebTan brZolisTvis momzadebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs
– `mun mierTnen yovelni mefeni kavkasianni~.68 sainteresoa, vin iyvnen
`mefeni kavkasianni~. savaraudod maT Soris unda yofiliyvnen qarTlis
samefos mTis Tavisufali tomebi, romelTac xarkis gadaxdasTan
erTad samxedro valdebulebac gaaCndaT.69 amaze metyvelebs isic,
rom rodesac juanSeri vaxtangis Crdilokavkasiur laSqrobaze
wers, `mefeni kavkasianni~ mefis jars kampaniis dasawyisSi (TianeTSi)
uerTdebian anu isini ar modian CrdiloeT kavkasiidan da qarTveli
mTielebi arian.
amavdroulad juanSeri miuTiTebs, rom `mefeni kavkasianni~
mxedrobas axmaren vaxtangs – `ormocdaaT aTas mxedars~. ra Tqma
unda, ricxvi gazrdilia, magram Cans, rom saqme cxenosan jarTan
gvaqvs, Tumca marto am wyaroze dayrdnobiT Znelia vimsjeloT am
laSqris Semadgenlobaze. Tu maT Soris moviazrebT moqiravne da
iranis mokavSire momTabareebs, romlebic rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
varaz-bakuris Sekrebilebi SeiZleba yofiliyvnen, maSin ufro advili
iqneba `kavkasiel mefeTa~ jarze imis Tqma, rom maTi didi umravlesoba
mxedroba iyo, magram es problematuri sakiTxia da aseTi msjelobis
safuZveli TiTqmis ar gvaqvs. juanSeris mixedviT ufro Cans, rom eseni
mTis xalxi iyvo, romelTac samxedro samsaxurisTvis gamohyavdaT
meomrebi, magram isini ufro qveiTebad SeiZleba warmovidginoT, vidre
cxenosnebad.
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, warmatebuli is qarTveli
mefeebi iyvnen, romlebic axerxebdnen Crdilokavkasiel xalxebTan
samokavSireo urTierTobis damyarebas.70 iberielTa da moqiravnemokavSire sarmatTa da sxva Crdilo-kavkasiel tomTa erToblivi,
warmatebuli moqmedebis nimuSad SegviZlia miviCnioT araqsispireTSi
farsman I-s mier parTelebis damarcxeba, sadac iberTa mefes Tavisi
samefos jaris garda sarmati, Crdilokavkasieli da albaneli meomrebi
hyavda.71
68
juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, 8.
Меликишвили, К истории древней грузии, 466-7.
70
giuli alasania, qarTvelebi da islamamdeli Turqebi (Tbilisi, 2008), 22.
71
tacitusi, analebi, VI, 34. gamyreliZe, omi da SeiaraReba iberia-kolxeTSi, 168.
69
79
cxenosan-moisarTa danayofebi arsebobda am periodis bizantiur
jarSic. Sagittarii, rac adre qveiT mSvildosnebs niSnavda, axla cxenosan
moisarTa saxelwodebac gaxda. aseTi kavaleriis arseboba aucilebeli
iyo iranisa da Crdiloeli momTabare tomebis winaaRmdeg omebSi.
sagitarebi SeiaraRebulebi iyvnen kompozituri mSvildebiT.72 VI
saukunis samxedro traqtati – mavrikiosis `strategikoni~ aRwers,
Tu ra unarebs unda flobdes da rogor unda moqmedebdes romauli
cxenosan-moisarTa jari: `aucilebelia mSvildosani flobdes romauli
an sparsuli meTodiT isris swrafad tyorcnas, rac mxedrisTvisac
saWiroa. cxenosans unda SeeZlos gaWenebuli cxenidan isris zustad
srola swrafad da miyolebiT, saWiroebisas mSvildis Cadeba kaparWSi
da Subis momarjveba.73 amisTvis maTi mudmivi varjiSi aucilebelia~.74
prokopi kesarielis mixedviT kompozituri mSvildiT SeiaraRebuli
aseTi mxedari im drois idealuri meomari iyo.
jarebis ricxovnoba da `samxedro ekonomika~. juanSeri asaxelebs
vaxtangis armiis raodenobas – `xolo vaxtang mouwoda yovelTa spaTa
qarTlisada; da Semokrbes yovelni da daibanakes muxnars da xerks,
amier da imier aragusa: da iyo asi aTasi mxedari75 da samoci aTasi
queiTi~, rasac emateba varaz bakuris Tormeti aTasi da `kavkasiis
mefeTa~ ormocdaaTi aTasi mxedari.76 es ricxvebi ar Seesabameba arc
antikurobis da arc Sua saukuneebis armiebis saSualo da Tundac
J. C. Coulston, “Roman Archery Equipment,” in The Production and Distribution of Roman
Military Equipment, Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Seminar, ed. M.C. Bishop
(Oxford, 1985), 220-366.
73
es teqsti Seesabameba romauli hipo-toqsotebis aRwerilobas, romlebsac
mSvild-isris garda SeiaraRebaSi Subic hqondaT.
74
Маврикий, Тактика и Стратегия, Книга первая, глава I: Как следовало бы вести одиночное
обучение воинов (С.-Петербург, 1903). [el- versia: www.libgen.org].
75
cnobisTvis, iranis armiis mxolod 1/10 iyo mZime kavaleria. Франко Кардини,
Истоки
Средневекового
Рыцарства. [el-versia: www.libgen.org]. es monacemebi
ewinaaRmdegeba k. kacitaZis ricxvsac, romelic Tvlida, rom iberiis jarSi 4-5
aTasi katafraqti iqneboda. kaxa kacitaZe, katafraqtebi Zvel iberiaSi. sasanianTa
irans Tavisi Zlierebis zenitSi 12 000-mde cxenosani jari ugrovdeboda, romlis
mniSvnelovan nawils katafraqtebi warmoadgendnen, magram 4-5 aTasi katafraqti
patara da mcirericxovani elitis mqone qveynisTvis did ricxvad Cans.
76
am ricxvebs gazviadebulad Tvlis j. SaraSeniZec, Tumca fiqrobs, rom
es monacemebi mniSvnelovania, radgan kargad Cans am epoqaSi sagareo omebSi
cxenosanTa raodenobrivi simravle qveiTebTan SedarebiT. jemal SaraSeniZe,
omebiada (Tbilisi, 2011), 170.
72
80
maqsimalur standartebs. rogorc mosaxleobis, ise imdroindeli
armiebis ricxovnobis gamoangariSeba rTuli saqmea. am mxriv didad
mniSvnelovania demografiuli faqtoric. profesori j. raseli Sua
saukuneebis demografiis kargad Seswavlis Sedegad daaxloebiT
asaxelebs balkaneTis, apeninis, pireneis naxevarkunZulebis, dasavleT
evropis sxva qveynebis, slavebisa da ungrelebis mosaxleobis
ricxovnobas, rac V saukunis bolosTvis erTianobaSi 27,5 milions
Zlivs aRwevs.77 evropis mosaxleobis Semcireba gansakuTrebiT
antoninusebis dinastiis dros Savi Wiris gavrcelebas, kiprianis Wirsa
da III saukunis kriziss78 ukavSirdeba. karlos didis mefobis periodSi
evropelTa ricxvi 25-dan 30 milionamde meryeobs.79
hans delbruki werda: `Zalian rTulia didi raodenobis xalxis
zusti ricxovnobis dadgena. es arc mTavarsardlisTvis aris iseTi
advili, rogorc Cveulebriv fiqroben. TiTqos Cans, rom umcrosi
meTaurebis moxsenebebis miRebis Sedegad SeiZleba meTauriTvis
Tavisi laSqris zusti raodenobis gageba, magram aq Cndeba kiTxvac –
sworia ki es moxsenebebi? metad rTulia gansazRvro da mudam wesrigSi
gqondes informacia mwyobrSi myof, daWril, daRupul Tu daTxovil
samxedroebze~.80 Sua saukuneebis avtorTa cifrebis sandoobisa da
imdroindeli armiebis realuri sidideebis Sesaxeb istoriografiaSi
uzarmazari literatura arsebobs. am sakiTxs hans delbrukis Semdeg
mravali mkvlevari Seexo, romelTa naSromebSic Sua saukuneebis
qronikebis `saerTo avadmyofobis~, armiaTa sididis gazviadebis
77
Josiah C. Russell, “The Middle Ages: Population in Europe,” in The Fontana Economic History of
Europe, ed. Carlo M. Cipolla, vol. I (Glasgow, 1972), 25-71. balkaneTi – 5, italia – 4, espaneTportugalia – 4, safrangeTi (da das. evropis mcire qveynebi) – 5, britaneTis
kunZulebi – 0,5; germania-skandinavia – 3,5; slavebi – 5, ungreTi – 0,5 milioni.
78
mesame saukunis krizisi – periodi, rodesac romis imperiaSi erTdroulad
moxda mravali damangreveli movlena – Savi Wiri, samoqalaqo omebi da barbarosebis
Semosevebi. krizisis sawyisad iTvleba imperator aleqsandre severusis (22235) mkvleloba, rasac 50 wliani SinaaSliloba mohyva, radgan am droSi 20-25
pretendenti ibrZoda saimperatoro ZalauflebisTvis. amave dros imperias
gamoeyo galia da britaneTi postumusis (260-69) meTaurobiT, aseve palmira –
siriis, egviptisa da palestinis provinciebiT. imperatorma avrelianem (270-75)
kvlav gaaerTiana imperia, kriziss ki bolo diokletianes reformebma (285-305)
mouRo.
79
Russell, “Population in Europe,” 25-71.
80
Г. Дельбрюк, История военного искусства в рамках политической истории, Том I (СанктПетербург, 2001), 1688.
81
tendenciis arseboba araerTxel aRiniSna. xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis
periodSi aseTi gazrdili ricxvebi mravlad gvxvdeba. amis magaliTad
SegviZlia davasaxeloT trebelius polionis, amiane marcelinusis da
sxva istorikosTa monacemebi.81
soso margiSvili bizantiuri samxedro traqtatebisa da Tanamedrove samxedro istorikosTa gamoTvlebis mixedviT adgens, rom
aseTi mravalricxovani, 200 000-iani jari moZraobisas samasamde
kilometrze gaiSleba.82 im drois samxedro marTvis sistemasa da
komunikaciebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom aseTi
armiis marTva warmoudgeneli iqneboda.83 cxenosani jaris SemTxvevaSi
samarSo kolonis sigrZe kidev ufro gaizrdeboda, radgan marSis dros
or mxedars Soris minimum 4 metris daSoreba mainc unda yofiliyo84.
amas daemateboda warCinebul cxenosan meomarTa sazidrebi, romelTa
raodenoba Raribi qveiTi jaris jariskacebisgan gansxvavebiT didi
iyo. miviRebT uzarmazar manZilze gaWimul jars. aseT dros swrafi
komunikacia SeuZlebelia, ucxo qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi sursaTis Segroveba da armiis momarageba TiTqmis
gamoricxulia; Rrmad SeWris dros jaris didi nawili aucilebelia
sakomunikacio gzebis dasacavad. Tavs iCens uamravi problema,
maT Soris dizinteriisa da sxva daavadebebisa, romelic yvelaze
xSirad mravalricxovan armiebSi Cndeboda. amas garda, arsebobs
mravali sxva faqtori, rac warmoudgenels xdis vaxtangis armiis
mravalricxovnobis realurobas. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom iberiis
samefos potenciali, romelic xSirad xdeboda momTabare tomebisa da
mezobeli imperiebis reidebis msxverpli, im droisTvis sakmaod unda
yofiliyo Semcirebuli. amas gamoakldeboda is meomrebic, romlebic
samefos dasacavad iyvnen saWironi da mudam garnizonebad unda
mdgariyvnen TavdacviT punqtebSi.85
gviandeli xanis romauli armiis ricxovnobis dasadgenad orgvar
81
iqve.
100 aTasi qveiTis da 100 aTas cxenosnis kolona 137-150 kilometrze gaiWimeboda,
armiis sazidrebis gaTvaliswinebiT ki samarSo kolonis sigrZe 267-300 km miaRwevda.
margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb, 244.
83
iqve.
84
iqve.
85
CrdiloeT kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebi, egrisis sazRvari, iranis xelSi myofi
albaneTis sasazRvro zoli.
82
82
Sesabamis monacemebs viyenebT – im ricxvebs, romelsac literaturuli
wyaroebi gvawvdian da cnobebs armiis SenaerTebis Sesaxeb Notitia
Dignitatum-dan, riTac vcdilobT armiis raodenobis saerTo suraTis
warmodgenas da zogadi monacemebis dadgenas.86 rodesac romis
imperatori iuliane gandgomilma Tavisi kampania daiwyo sasanianTa
winaaRmdeg da dagegma maTi dedaqalaqis – qtesifonis dakaveba, 708087 aTas jariskacs mouyara Tavi da esec sakmaod gazrdil ricxvad
moCans. Tu romis im droindel mdgomareobas ganvixilavT, imperatori
valdebuli iyo daetovebina didi raodenobiT garnizonebi, raTa misi
sparsuli kampaniis periodSi sazRvrebi daculi yofiliyo. IV saukunis
romis imperias ki, romelic ZiriTadad Tavdacvaze iyo gadasuli da
Zlivs akavebda barbarosTa Setevebs, uwevda mudmivad yoloda Limitanei-s
anu rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mesazRvreTa legionebi, imperatori ki
laSqrobebSi Comitatenses iyenebda. adrianopolis did brZolaSi 378
wels imperator valensis xelqveiT myofi aRmosavleT romauli armiis
ricxovnoba 15-2088 dan 25-3089 aTasamde meryeobs.90 hans delbruki eWvis
qveS ayenebs Notitia Dignitatum-Si dasaxelebul armiaTa ricxovnobebs
da Tvlis, rom maTi saxelwodeba da raodenoba am droisTvis mxolod
qaRaldzeRa arsebobda, realurad ki bevrad mZime mdgomareoba iyo,
gansakuTrebiT limitanebSi, romelTa didi nawili gaiTqvifa da
gardaiqmna adgilobriv mosaxleobad, romelTac samxedro kampaniis
warmoebisas da laSqrobebisas veRar gamoiyenebdnen.91 III saukuneSi romis
imperiis meomarTa sruli ricxvi saxmeleTo Zalebis 350 000 meomari
da 40 000 mezRvauri iyo, xolo diokletianesa da konstantines dros
naxevar milionamde miaRwia. Tumca erTdroulad, erTi kampaniisaTvis
gacilebiT naklebi ricxvis jariskacebis Tavmoyra xerxdeboda. jaris
dasaxelebuli raodenoba imperiis uzarmazari teritoriisaTvis
realuria, magram konkretuli samxedro kampaniis sawarmoeblad bevrad
86
A. D. Lee, War in Late Antiquity: A Social History (Oxford, 2007), 74.
G. W. Bowersock, Julian the Apostate (Cambridge, 1978), 108. a. li iulianes armiis
raodenobas 65 000 meomriT gansazRvravs. Lee, War in Late Antiquity, 76.
88
MacDowall, Adrianopole, 59. IV saukunisTvis savele armiebi 15-dan 30 aTasamde
meomars moicavdnen. Lee, War in Late Antiquity, 76.
89
Stephen Williams, J. G. P. Friell, Theodosius: The Empire at Bay (New Haven, 1995), 177.
90
valensma Sekriba saukeTeso armia, rac ki SeiZleboda gamoeyvana. miuxedavad
amisa, damarcxda am qaotur brZolaSi da gardaicvala. John Keegan, A History of Warfare
(New York, 1993), 185.
91
Дельбрюк, История военного искусства в рамках политической истории, Том I, 1713-4.
87
83
naklebi Zalis mobilizeba iyo SesaZlebeli. 50 000 meomari uzarmazar
armias warmoadgenda da romis imperatorebs Zalian uWirdaT aseTi
Zalis Tavmoyra. ukve IX-X saukuneebSi ki bizantiaSi saimperatoro
armiis standartuli sidide 24 200 meomrisgan Sedgeboda.92 somxebsa
da sasanianebs Soris avarairTan momxdar brZolaSi, bevri wyaro
zRaprulad did ricxvebs93 gvawvdis, magram Tanamedrove gamokvlevebis
Sedegad es ricxvebi Semcirda da realurs miuaxlovda.94 prokopi
kesarielis mixedviT iranuli wesis mixedviT omSi mimavali armia mefis
win Caivlida, romlis winac bevri kalaTa idga. TiToeuli jariskaci
erT isars agdebda kalaTSi, ris Semdegac kalaTebSi Cayril isrebs
Tvlidnen. rodesac jari brundeboda laSqrobidan, isev Caivlida
mefis win dalagebul kalaTebTan da TiToeuli erT isars amoiRebda.
darCenili isrebis raodenobiT sazRvravdnen samxedro danakargebs.
jaris ricxovnobis gamoTvlis es wesi delbrukma fanstastikad da
ararealurad miiCnia.95 iranuli armiebis raodenobrivi maCveneblebi
arcTu bevri gvaqvs da umetesoba VI saukunisa da VII saukunis pirveli
naxevrisaa, rodesac sasanelebi islamur xalifats ebrZodnen.
bizantiis winaaRmdeg satalasTan gamarTul brZolaSi mermeroes 30
aTasamde jariskaci hyavda.96 valajis gadamwyvet brZolaSi 633 wels
iranelebs 40 aTasi meomari unda hyolodaT.97 iranelTa dauZinebeli
mtrebis, hefTaliTebisa da kidaritebis samxedro Zalebi sxvadasxva,
Два Византийских Военных Трактата конца Х века (СПб, 2002), 237. X-XI saukuneebSi
bizantiam mxolod erTxel, manaskertis brZolis dros SeZlo ufro didi armiis
organizeba, romlis raodenobac 40-60 aTasi meomris farglebSi ivaraudeba.
margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb, 240; John France,
Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge, 1994), 152.
93
TiTqos 120 000 sasaniani meomari sabrZolo spiloebiT da 20 000 somexi mokavSire
ebrZoda 66 000 ajanyebul somexs, romelTac vardan mamikoniani sardlobda. Егише,
О Вардане и войне армянской, перевод с древнеармянского акад. И.А. Орбели, подготовка к
изданию, предисловие и примечания К.Н. Юзбашяна (Ереван, 1971), гл. 5.
94
Simon Payaslian, The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present (New York, 2007),
44. sasanur irans am droisTvis 12 000-iani jari hyavda, 578 wels ki saerTo jamSi
58 000-mde meomris gamoyvanis potenciali gaaCnda, rac gamoricxavs brZolis
velze erTbaSad amdeni meomris Tavmoyras. A. Sh. Shahbazi, “Army i. Pre-Islamic Iran,”
Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5 (1986), 489-99.
95
Дельбрюк, История военного искусства в рамках политической истории, Том I, 1688-9.
96
Geoffrey Greatrex and Samuel N. C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, Part
II: AD 363-630 (London, 2002), 88-91.
97
A. I. Akram, The Sword of Allah, Khalid bin al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns (Karachi, 1970),
62.
92
84
maT Soris Cinuri wyaroebis mixedviT daaxloebiT 6 aTas meomars
utoldeboda, magram aseTi raodenobis jari sakmarisi aRmoCnda, rom
sastikad gaenadgurebina sasaniani Sahebi iezdigerd II da perozi.98
rTulia adrefeodaluri periodis momTabare tomTa jaris
raodenobis gansazRvrac, romlebTanac qarTvelebsac xSirad
uwevdaT dapirispireba. istoriuli wyaroebi maT uzarmazar
ricxvze saubroben, magram rogorc Cans, arc es Seesabameba
simarTles. avarTa momTabare tomisa da bizantiis jars Soris
brZola viminaciumTan 599 wels avarTa sastiki marcxiT da TiTqmis
sruli ganadgurebiT dasrulda da maT 28 000 meomramde dakarges.99
momTabareTa ricxovnobebis Sesafaseblad mniSvnelovania im
faqtoris gaTvaliswineba, rom yvela mozrdili momTabare meomari an
potenciuri meomari iyo, rodesac civilizebul samyaroSi samxedro
sazogadoeba mTeli mosaxleobis mcire nawils Seadgenda. erTiani
raodenobiT momTabareebi bevrad CamorCebodnen mudmivmosaxle
xalxebs, magram procentulad samxedro mobilizaciisas meti meomris
gamoyvana SeeZloT.100 gadamwyvetia cxenebis faqtoric: mesaqonle
momTabareebisTvis yovelTvis mniSvnelovani iyo iseT teritoriaze
dasaxleba, sadac kargi saZovrebi iyo – aseTi ki stepebi gaxldaT.
jaris gamosayvanad da mis SesanarCuneblad gvian antikur xanaSi,
iseve rogorc nebismier sxva istoriul epoqaSi, mniSvnelovani
ekonomikuri saxsrebi, komunikaciis sistema da momarageba iyo saWiro.
miuxedavad imisa, rom meomari ZiriTadad Tavad imaragebda iaraRs,
tanisamoss da zogjer mcireoden sursaTsac, xangrZliv kampaniebs
erTiani momarageba da didi finansuri saxsrebi sWirdeboda. meomarTa
Sesanaxad garkveul rols TamaSobda samxedro nadavli, adgilze
Segrovebuli sanovage da mtris damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi fuladi
kontribucia.
mtrisgan sargeblis miRebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma nadavlis
saxiT waRebuli simdidre iyo, rac im epoqaSi rogorc materialur,
ise adamianur resursebs gulisxmobda. omis gziT ekonomikuri
resursebis miRebis ufro xangrZlivi gza ki teritoriebis dapyroba
da dapyrobili xalxebisTvis gadasaxadebis daweseba iyo, Tumca
98
E. Chavannes, Documents sur Les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux (Paris, 1903), 223.
J. B. Bury, A History of the Later Roman Empire, From Arcadius to Irene, 395 A.D. to 800 A.D.
(London, 1889), 140-1.
100
Hugh Kennedy, John Keegan, Mongols, Huns and Vikings: Nomads at War (London, 2002), 18-9.
99
85
aseT SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi Tanxebis gaReba gaxdeboda saWiro im
garnizonebisTvis, romelTac dakavebuli miwis dacva da SenarCuneba
evalebodaT.101 momTabare hunebi, alanebi da sxva tomebi nadavlis
saxiT mopovebul simdidres aniWebdnen upiratesobas, radgan maTi
momTabaruli cxovrebis wesi, TavdacviTi arqiteqturis winaaRmdeg
brZolis arcodna da Zlier poziciebze mdgar, momzadebul mterTan
Setakeba arcTu saxarbielod eCvenebodaT. maTi taqtika gulisxmobda
moulodnel, swraf Tavdasxmas daucvel adgilebze, Zarcvas, nadavlis
mogrovebas da Semdeg TavianT stepebSi ise dabrunebas, rom mters
ar moeswro armiis Sekreba da maTi brZolaSi CaTreva. sparselebi
gansakuTrebiT did yuradRebas uTmobdnen mtris teritoriidan
rac SeiZleba didi nadavlis waRebas, brZolaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg
ki didi raodenobiT tyveebis ayvanas, romelTac iranSi asaxlebdnen
samSeneblo da sxva saxis saqmianobaSi gamosayeneblad.
sabolood, ra SegviZlia vTqvaT vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis
periodis qarTlis samxedro potencialze? samwuxarod arc
arqeologiuri da arc dokumenturi masala ar gvaZlevs imis saSualebas,
rom am sakiTxze farTod vimsjeloT. juanSerTan dasaxelebuli
fantastikuri ricxvebi amisTvis ar gamogvadgeba, lazar farpecTan
ki Cans, rom qarTls mcirericxovani jari hyavs. vaxtang gorgasali
mxolod hunebisa da somxebis imedzea da ver bedavs iranel sardlebTan
mihransa da artnarsehTan SebrZolebas. farpecis mixedviT vahan
mamikoniani mxolod imitom Tanxmdeba vaxtangis winadadebas ajanyebis
erToblivad dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT, rom qarTlis mefe pirdeba
CrdiloeT kavkasiidan hunebis mravalricxovani jaris gadmoyvanas.
`calke qarTli susti qveyanaa da mxedrobiT mcirericxovani,~102 – ase
afasebs qarTlis Zalas lazar farpeci. gasaTvaliswinebelia sxva
faqtorebic, kerZod, ekonomikurad arcTu kargi mdgomareoba – xarki
iranisTvis, hunebisa da alanebis Semosevebi, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis
Sewyveta, monetis moWris SeCereba da sxva. farpecis wyarodan naTlad
Cans, rom gavlenian didebulTa nawili ar emorCileba vaxtangis
Zalauflebas, gansakuTrebiT gogarenes pitiaxSebi103 qmnidnen amgvar
101
Lee, War in Late Antiquity, 102.
janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 246.
103
gogarene qarTlis samefos Semadgeneli vrceli teritoria iyo da misi
mmarTveli pitiaxSebi uZlieresebad iTvlebodnen erisTavTa Soris. qarTlis
samxedro potencials Zalian daasustebda gogarenes gandgoma. qarTlis dasustebis
102
86
problemas. miuxedavad imisa, rom V saukunis 80-ian wlebSi vaxtangi
axerxebs varsqen pitiaxSis Tavidan mocilebas, dawyebuli ajanyebis
sastiki marcxis erT-erTi mizezi aramarto hunebis gadmoyvanis
uSedego mcdeloba iyo, aramed didebulebis Ralatic. aseT pirobebSi
Zneli warmosadgenia qarTlis mefe mZlavri laSqris saTaveSi. Tu mefes
hyavda sakUuTari gvardia, es misi saukeTeso Zalebi unda yofiliyo,
magram regularulad aseTi SenaerTis Senaxva ekonomikurad
dasustebul saxelmwifos gauWirdeboda. qveiTebi SedarebiT didi
raodenobiT iqnebodnen warmodgenilni, magram maT naklebi sabrZolo
Rirebuleba gaaCndaT, vidre mZimed aRWurvil didebulebs.
l. janaSias mixedviT am droisTvis yalibdeboda axali sazogadoebrivi fena `taZreulebi~ (spars. Tacara – sasaxle) – msaxureulis
privilegirebuli fena,104 romelTac qveiTebze ukeTesi SeiaraReba
hqonodaT da cxenosan jarSi msaxurobdnen, Tumca V saukuneSi
mxolod maTi genezisi mimdinareobda. rac Seexeba moqiravne jars,
es damokidebuli iyo qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, am mxriv V saukuneSi iberia arcTu Zlieri gaxldaT,
amitom mravalricxovan moqiravne nawilebs ver vivaraudebT.
juanSeris aRweril Crdilokavkasiur laSqrobaSic ki, miuxedavad
misi naxevradzRaprulobisa, ikveTeba, rom vaxtangis Zalebis sakmaod
did nawils varaz-bakuris iranuli nawilebi da mokavSire `mefeni
kavkasianni~ Seadgenen. farpecis mixedviT Cans, rom vaxtangs samasamde
mokavSire (an moqiravne) huni hyavda. es jari imdenad mniSvnelovani
iyo misTvis rom, rodesac isini droebiT somxebs gaugzavna, raTa
daerwmunebina isini danapirebi hunebis gadmoyvanaSi, maleve moiTxova
maTi ukan dabruneba. moyvanili faqtebiT SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT
qarTlis samxedro potenciali, rogorc sakmaod mcirericxovani.
ase rom, lazar farpecis mier qarTlis mxedrobis sisustis aRniSvna,
TiTqmis zustad migvaCnia. Tu zemoT aRniSnul ricxovnobebs da epoqis
Sesabamis jaris gamoyvanis sistemebs gadavxedavT, SegviZlia qarTlis
samxedro potenciali daaxloebiT 20 aTas mebrZolamde vivaraudoT.
xanaSi Zv.w. II - ax.w. I s. pirvel naxevarSi somxeTis samefoTa damaarseblebma artaqsiam
da zariadrem iberias samxreTi provinciebi xorzene da gogarene waarTves; manamde,
apolodoris cnobiT, somxeT-saqarTvelos araqsi hyofda. janaSia, Sromebi, II, 176.
104
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, 108.
87
Army organization and administration in the early Medieval
Georgia: The era of Vakhtang Gorgasali
Nika Khoperia
Summary
King Vakhtang Gorgasali was the last great ruler of Iberia and the most inluential
political and military igure in the southern Caucasia in the second half of the ifth century.
Precise dates of Vakhtang’s reign are still debated, with Ivane Javakhishvili assigning
them to c. 449-502, Vakhtang Goiladze referring to Vakhtang’s death in 482 and Cyril
Toumanoff suggesting 447-522.
Vakhtang Gorgasali’s era remains popular with researchers and hence the numerous
works on this period. Yet, very few existing studies concentrate on military history, which
remains largely ignored. One of the challenges of studing military history of this period
lays in the absense of suficient archeological and primary sources. Existing foreign
sources are not always helpful in understanding local realitiy in Iberia. Nevertheless, in
this paper, we have attempted to gather and reconcile all available evidence and sources
related to the ifth century military history of Iberia. Among these sources the most
important is Juansher’s Life of Vakhtang Gorgasali (LVG). Juansher’s work contains
numerous details on Vakhtang’s campaigns, including his conquest of North Caucasus
and campaigns against the Byzantines and the Sassanids. Yet it also contains numerous
laws and exaggerations and requires careful textual analysis.
Another important source is the ifth century Armenian chronicler Ghazar Parpetsi’s
History of Armenia, which contains interesting insights about the rebelion of Iberia and
Armenia against the Sassanid Empire in 482. Vakhtang Gorgasali led this rebellion and
Parpetsi offers a fascinating portrait of the Iberian king, his diplomacy and relationships
with Armenians and Huns, as well as details about Iberia’s military potential and the
course of the anti-Sassanid rebellion. We have also consulted other medieval chronicles,
including Moses of Chorene’s History of Armenia and Georgian hagiographies –
Martyrdom of Saint Shushaniki, Life of Assyrian saints, Martyrdom of Abo Tileli and
life of Gobron that do not directly discuss military events but contains crucial details
pertaining to political history of the early medieval Iberian kingdom.
For the study of military history in antiquity and the early medieval ages and to compare
Persian, Byzantine and nomad people (Alans, Huns and etc.) warfare to Iberian, we have
used primary and archeological sources, for example Emperor Maurice’s Strategikon,
88
Procopius’s De Bellis, Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, Yeghishe Vardapet’s History
of Vardan and the Armenian War for the episodes of Armenian military history. All that
works are very important to understand the art of war in the late antiquity period.
In examining Iberian armament of late antiquity, we must rely on archeological evidence
from Kldeeti, Balghani, Tagiloni, etc. that include a variety of spears, swords, arrows and
other weapons employed by Iberian infantrymen and horsemen. Yet, there still remains a
challenge of exploring heavy cavalry equipment, most notably that of the Iberian cataphracts.
The use of cataphracts in Iberia is a subject of continues debate because there are no
reliable evidence to support it. In describing Vakhtang Gorgasali’s campaign in North
Caucasus, LVG offers a suficiently detailed account of battle against the Alans, which
describes armour and tactics of the irst line of the Iberian army that resemble those of
the Cataphracts. Horse armour and some types of mail and lamellar armour had been
discovered in various parts of Georgia. This type of armour was used mainly by the
Iberian aristocracy (Pitiakhshi, Sepetsuli, Spaspeti, Eristavi and etc.) because it was too
expensive for levies (Tsurili eri) and servants (Msakhureuli), who served as light infantry
and light cavalry. According to medieval chronicles, heavy cavalry was the main attacking
power of the Iberian army and fought in the irst ranks. This tactic resembles Roman
and Sassanid cataphract tactics which were used in many battles of early medieval age.
Kings of Iberia also had a royal guard – Rcheuli Mkhedrebi. According to G. Melikishvili,
members of the royal family – Sepetsuli must be a commanders of royal guard.
Other units of Iberian army – light horseman (Simravle Mkhedarta) and infantry
(Mkvirckhli erisai) were armed only with slings, spears, daggers, axes and bows. They wore
no armour except shields, probably of round or quadrangular shapes. According to Juansher,
light infantry fought in the second rank of Iberian army and attacked in the wake of heavy
cavalry, whose mission was to penetrate and break enemy lines; light cavalry was probably
used to protect lanks. Infantry represented the largest part of the Iberian army, followed by the
msakhureuli light cavalry, while heavy cavalry accounted for a smallest share.
According to LVG, Vakhtang Gorgasali’s forces counted more than 160 thousand
soldiers but this claim is clearly exaggerated. Iberian state faced major logistical and
communication challenges and according to Ghazar Parpetsi Iberia was a weak realm
with limited military potential. In contemplating rebellion against Iran, Vakhtan was
compelled to solicit help of the Huns and Armenians and the former’s failure to arrive to
the battleield resulted in the defeat of the combined Armeno-Iberian forces.
In conclusion, if we analyse all of the historical data what we have about 4th-6th
centuries AD and military systems of Early Middle Ages, we can get full military potential
of Iberia between 15-20 thousand soldier.