Control Systems

VOLTAGE Voltage (V) is a measure of the amount of pressure, or electromotive force, applied to electrons to make them move. A Volt is the unit of electromotive force that will force a current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm. After we learn about current and resistance, this definition will make more sense. Voltage is measured in units of Volts (V). CURRENT Current (I) is the measure of electron flow in a conductor between two points having a difference in potential (voltage). Current is measured in units of Amperes or Amps (A). RESISTANCE For conducting wires, the resistance of the wire is actually a constant that is dependent on the conductor material (the wire may be made out of copper, aluminum, silver – all have different resistance properties) and the size of the wire (diameter). Resistance (R) is measured in units of Ohms (Ω). OHM'S LAW Ohm's Law states: V = I * R [Units: Volts = Amps * Ohms or V = I * Ω ] or Voltage = Current x Resistance From basic Algebra, if we can solve for V by multiplying I and R, we should be able to work backwards to find R if we know V and I simply by dividing V by I. R = V / I or Resistance = Voltage / Current

Conventional mechanism (i.e. rigid link mechanisms) has limited accuracy and repeatability because of friction, backlash. Mechanism offers a relative motion between rigid links via joints. Conventionally these joints are pin, sliding, rolling, liquid film etc. These joints have inherent nonlinear frictional characteristics which are creating difficulty in control micro-nano positioning in precision mechanisms. To achieve high resolution and precision problems of friction, backlash in mechanism needs to be removed. These joints are replaced by flexible elements such as flexural hinge, flexural links which offers advantage of frictionless and smooth motion. Flexural mechanisms are developed using basic building blocks such as hinges and planar type. Flexural building blocks should be such that it offers lesser / zero resistance to motion in desired direction and maximum / infinite resistance in orthogonal direction. Motion generated in orthogonal direction is called parasitic motion. Double Flexural Manipulator (DFM) is a planar type building block which offers theoretically zero parasitic error motion with negligible amount of rotation of motion stage. This article presents design, development, system integration, system identification and PID control implementation on DFM. Developed flexural stage is integrated with desktop PC via dSPACE micro-controller. System identification (Static and Dynamic) is carried out and performance parameters such as stiffness, natural frequency, damping characteristics and frequency characterization of DFM are estimated and validated via due experimentations. Estimated transfer function of DFM is further used for development of control system, and PID control parameters are tuned. Real time PID implementation gives a position accuracy of few microns at high scanning speed of 2.5 mm/s.

Abstract— This paper presents an adaptive control scheme for suppressing jitter in laser beams. The variable-order adaptive controller is based on an adaptive lattice filter that implicitly identifies the disturbance statistics from real-time sensor data. The multi-channel adaptive ...

Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) has found very wide application in renewable energy sources, DC power transmission, high voltage applications and micro grid. However the technical challenge of MMC is to maintain constant current, constant power and constant voltage at the output depending on the requirement. In this paper a control loop is developed for maintaining constant power at the MMC. The power controller is realized by using PI controller. The PWM technique used for generation of gating pulses is Phase Disposition PWM (PD-PWM) technique, The simulation of current and the active power controller is carried out by MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are presented.

This paper presents a small scale autonomous ground vehicle which is configured using sensors. The autonomous small scaled vehicle has been engineered to have dynamic behaviours equivalent with real ground vehicle. The main objective of the using sensors configuration is to obtain the dynamic behaviour of scaled vehicle. Sensors configuration are equipped with electronic instruments, Arduino Duemilanove, wireless communication system, data acquisition system, and numerous sensors. This study is conducted by simulation and experiment.

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to serve as an introduction to neural networks and to sug-gest that neural network architecture can be used for design and application of intelligent control systems [ 11. The neural network ap-proach is introduced by defining the problem ...

We consider the problems of conflict detection and resolution in air traffic management (ATM) from the perspective of computational geometry and give algo-rithms for solving these problems efficiently. For con-flict resolution, we propose a simple method that can route ...