Petnica Science Center
September, 22 - 25th 2016.
Imperialism and Identities at
the Edges of the Roman World 3
Book of Abstracts
Editors:
Marko A. Janković
Vladimir D. Mihajlović
Advisory Board:
Ton Derks (Amsterdam University, Netherlands)
Alka Domić Kunić (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Croatia)
Dragana Grbić (Institute of Balcanology, Serbia)
Marko A. Janković (University of Belgrade, Serbia)
Vladimir D. Mihajlović (University of Novi Sad, Serbia)
Martin Pitts (University of Exeter, UK)
Jörg Rüpke (University of Erfurt, Germany)
Inés Sastre (Instituto de Historia, Madrid, Spain)
Book Design:
Nikola Stepković/Marko Janković
Print:
Galaksija, Niš
Organization:
Department of Archeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
Department of History, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad
Petnica Science Center, Valjevo
The conference was organized within the projects no. 177008 - „Archaeological Culture and
Identity at the Western Balkans“ and no. 177002 - „The Region of Vojvodina in the context of
European History".
Cover illustration: Bone dice, 4th century, Petnica Cave
Contents:
Introduction
.............................................................
5
Organizers
.............................................................
8
Abstracts
.............................................................
13
List of Participants .......................................................
108
Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World
Petnica Science Center, September 22 – 25th 2016
The third conference Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World
covers the range of topics including the social interactions directly or indirectly
connected to the Roman sociopolitical system operating for several centuries in the
Mediterranean and continental parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. The term Roman
world should be understood loosely, as diverse sorts of heterogeneities somehow
related to the power centered in Rome. In other words, the Roman world here implies
a number of social, economic, cultural and other ties that various communities and
individuals had with the dominant sociopolitical structure of the age. In this context,
the edges in the title do not mean only peripheral areas of the Roman Empire and
dynamics between the “Roman” and various local societies in the border zones,
but also the social groups and phenomena at the fringes of what could be called
Roman elites’ social networks. The notion identities refers to different means of
(self)identiication, categorization, social positioning etc. and practices involved in
such processes, both in terms of individuals and collectivities who were affected
by Rome’s imperial politics. It is used primarily to emphasize the ongoing change
of views on the “Roman world” from the static concept of “Roman/civilization” vs.
“native/barbaric” dichotomy to more complex comprehensions of this segment of
the past.
The goal of the conference is to enable an open discussion on variety of
approaches to these problems from different theoretical positions, as well as
variety of disciplinary perspectives (archaeology, history, anthropology, art history,
heritage studies). The IIERW is set to establish a wide network of scholars with
different academic backgrounds and research experiences dealing with the Roman
imperialism and related issues. Besides the topics and areas of research which (due
to their actuality and wide interest) remained the same as in the previous meeting,
the second conference will also direct attention to relexive views on our disciplines,
their epistemology and the topic of reception and modern usage of the Roman past.
The main topics of the conference are:
•
Relations between the Roman imperialism and regional/local communities,
“non-elite” or “marginal” social categories of various sorts (global and local
social/cultural trends and the creation of different life-experiences)
•
Social and cultural dynamics in the areas of interaction (contact, conlict,
resistance and coexistence)
• Complexity, variety and intersections of social/cultural realities and imaginations
•
Diversity of construction and communication of identities
•
Relexive history of Roman studies
•
Roman heritage
The conference Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 will
gather 54 participants from 17 different countries coming mostly from Europe, but
also from Australia and USA. Most of the participants are academics and PhD
students, but the conference was also opened for undergraduate students in order
to give young students an opportunity to engage in academic debate as soon as
possible in their academic life. The organizers hope that this conference is going
to be just as succesfull as the previous two in 2012 and 2014, and that will keep to
maintain the interest of the academic community for it's topics.
Marko A. Janković
Vladimir D. Mihajlović
Organizers
Department of Archaeology,
Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
Faculty of Philosophy – University of Belgrade, founded in 1838, is the oldest and most
prominent institution of higher education in Serbia and among the oldest in the SouthEastern Europe.
Today it is a modern school in compliance with contemporary trends in European
academic space and upholding a high standard of academic excellence. It employs
255 teaching staff and has approximately 6000 undergraduate and graduate students
enrolled at nine departments: Department of Philosophy, Department of Classics,
Department of History, Department of Art History, Department of Archeology,
Department of Ethnology and Anthropology, Department of Sociology, Department of
Psychology and Department of Pedagogy and Andragogy.
Department of Archaeology was formed in 1881. at Belgrade University when Mihajlo
Valtrović was elected for the irst archaeology professor in Serbia. Archeology seminar
was separated as individual teaching and research unit in 1920. for the irst time, but
since 1962. teaching was conducted through the Department of Archaeology.
Today, archaeology courses are organized through three levels of studies – bachelor,
master and PhD studies. Students are atending basic and specialistic courses from
different archaeology areas, but also from similar disciplines – archaeozoology and
phisical anthropology. Courses are covering geographical regions from Europe,
eastern Meditterian, Near East ang Egypt, from early prehistory until the Middle
Ages. Department of Archaeology also has separated units – Archaeological and
Paleoanthropological Collection, Teoretical Archaelogy Center and Bioarchaeology
Laboratory.
Department consists of 16 lecturer, 8 researcher and cca. 400 students.
Department of History,
Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad
Founded in 1954, the Faculty of Philosophy is one of the two oldest faculties of the
University of Novi Sad. The Faculty started its teaching and scientiic activities by
enrolling 566 students on six study groups: History, South Slavic Languages, South
Slavic Literature, English Language and Literature, German Language and Literature
and Mathematics with Physics.
It developed gradually, new departments were founded, three independent institutes
were formed and the Faculty began its publishing activity and opened the library.
The Faculty established the postgraduate studies in 1961 and the irst doctoral thesis
was completed in 1969.
Today the Faculty of Philosophy has grown to become recognizable as the leading
centre of national cultures, Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Ruthenian and Romanian,
offering at the same time study programs for foreign languages Russian, German,
French and English. Students are given the opportunity to learn Italian, Ukrainian,
Polish, Spanish,
Macedonian, Bulgarian, Greek and Portuguese.
Apart from the languages, the Faculty offers other disciplines such as history,
philosophy, psychology, pedagogy and sociology. The youngest department at the
Faculty is the Department of Media Studies which developed in 2004 and immediately
gained enormous popularity.
The Department of History was founded in the autumn of 1954, the same year as the
Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad. In addition to history courses, the Department also
organized introductory courses in Social Science Pedagogical Science, which were
later established as separate teaching units. The primary task of the Department, which
began on 1 December 1954, was to organize and conduct regular classes in history
and academic research.
The Department of History at the Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad was consolidated
with the Institute for Historical Research of Vojvodina in 1975. The reason for this
consolidation was the need to improve the overall teaching and academic research
within the Province of Vojvodina. The academic work at the Institute was accomplished
with the cooperation of various scientiic institutions both within the country and abroad.
Petnica Science Center,
Valjevo
Petnica Science Center is a regional parallel-to-school institution aimed at cutting-edge,
extracurricular science education of students with extraordinary aptitude for science and
research in wide spectrum of sciences and technologies.
With 4000 sq. meters of modern classrooms, labs, and library space, and more than 1,000
guest teachers selected from among the best scientists, each year PSC offers more than
130 different courses, workshops, conferences, and science camps to schools, students,
and teachers. The students are carefully selected from among 500 high schools throughout
Serbia, as well as from nearby countries.
Through carefully designed programs, Petnica Science Center covers a wide spectrum
of subjects: from astronomy and physics to biology and chemistry; from archaeology and
linguistics to computer science and electronics; from mathematics and psychology to
geology and anthropology. In place of traditional subject-oriented science education, integral
and problem orie-nted education is emphasized. PSC encourages students to think more
and to rely on their knowledge, skills and experience of the world as a whole, in order to
participate actively in education process.
Not only does it teach students, the Petnica Science Center also assists schools and teachers
to improve science education by using new teaching tools and methods, modern science
concepts and knowledge, extracurricular activities, and recognizing gifted and talented
students. Using its widespread contacts and relationships, the PSC searches for interesting
ideas and experiences to implement. Moreover, through carefully designed teacher training
courses and workshops, it tries to help in rapid development of more effective, lexible and
student-centered education system.
Abstracts
Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Diplomacy and political communication at the edges of the Western
world: relations between Hispanic peoples and Rome
in the pre-provincial era (218-197 BC)
Eduardo Sánchez-Moreno
Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
Enrique García-Riaza
University of the Balearic Islands, Spain
The contact between the Hispanic peoples and Rome, initiated before the outbreak of the
Second Punic War, experienced during the Hannibalic conlict a signiicant impulse. The
strategic and logistic needs of the Roman expeditionary forces generated the creation
of links of cooperation with the still independent Hispanic cities and communities. Thus,
an intense diplomatic and political dialog was developed, in order to create a strong
anti-Punic military alliance under Roman leadership (symmachía / societas armorum).
Once the war ended, the Iberian peninsula became for Rome a new frontier-land, with
multiple vectors of military, diplomatic, political and economical intercourse. In order
to keep an active presence in Iberia, Roman authorities developed a twofold attitude
towards the so called "indigenous communities", mixing up a policy of incentives for the
collaborators, and an increasing repression against independent communities (as the
Celtiberians) or recently revolted peoples (i.e. the Ilergetians). In this context, diverse
speciic practices, institutions and mechanisms of political and diplomatic interaction
can be identiied. The dispatch of diplomatic missions (legationes), the celebration of
high-level meetings (colloquia), the request of hostages or the employment of diverse
symbolic elements represent some of the most signiicant expressions of this interesting
dialog.
This study is carried out by the Group Occidens (www.occidens.es), that integrates
scholars from several Western European universities, currently working for the
Research Project: "Diplomacy and political communication in the West (III-I centuries
BC)" (HAR2015-66232-P), funded by the Spanish Government and the European
Union (FEDER).
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NOTES:
Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
From Drunken Kings to Roman Emperors. Roman Perception
of the Area Between the Adriatic And the Danube
Alka Domić Kunić
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Zagreb, Croatia
The perception of Others, the way that one community forms an opinion about another,
whether neighbouring or far away, is an intriguing topic. In the majority of cases the
perception is based on political, military or cultural perceptions that the superior
community records in a written manner about the inferior community. These observations
are generally subjective, with numerous misconceptions, misunderstandings and
sometimes even thinly vailed contempt, although in some cases there may be
admiration for some features that the superior culture appreciates, such as bravery or
love of warfare.
Numerous examples from historical sources will demonstrate how the relationship
between the Greek and Roman world and the Others, located outside the Mediterranean
basin, subtly but inevitably changed with time. As the theme of this congress is
Imperialism and identities at the edges of the Roman world, older Greek writers who
irst described contact between the Mediterranean and its barbarian neighbours will
be left out (although not completely, because some of them are very picturesque). The
main subject of the presentation will be Roman historical sources that describe how
Rome viewed the inhabitants of the area between the Adriatic and the Danube river,
beginning with the irst contacts in the 3rd c. B.C., through Rome's acquisition of this
territory and its adjustments to Roman administration, up to the time when the Danube
region took on the mantle of defender of Rome against northern barbarians.
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NOTES:
Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
The inhabitants of world borders in Strabo’s work:
some notes starting from Str. 1.2.1 e 2.5.12.
Mattia Vitelli Casella
Inštitut za arheologijo Znanstveno
raziskovalni center Slovenske akademije
znanosti in umetnosti
Ljubljana, Slovenia
During the irst century BC, the most remote regions of the oikoumene were directly
known thanks to the Roman military expeditions, as it had happened before in the
case of the Iberian Peninsula at the times of Polybius. Strabo, who had the intention
to describe the whole world following Augustus’ ideology, received and accepted
a lot of this recent information unknown to the previous historiographers, above all
Polybius himself and Posidonius. In some cases, Strabo himself took part in these
expeditions and therefore saw directly what he was going to write about; in other cases,
he is equally reliable, as he was able to get irsthand information thanks to his good
relationship with the elite of Roman government and army. Apart from this irm standing
point, investigating his sources one by one is a very dificult task, despite its being one
that has already been performed. So I ind more interesting paying attention irstly to
which improvement he brings to the previous knowledge in regions newly discovered,
secondly which way he presents the inhabitants of these areas: as friends of the Roman
power or as dangerous and underdeveloped enemies? The topic is chosen being wellknown to Strabo, it is particularly sensitive to the ‘anthropic’ geography.
In order to answer this question, I will focus especially on Northwestern Europe, among
the regions announced as new discoveries by the author at the beginning of his work,
and I will compare his passages to the previous ‘mythical’ views of these people.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
A people on the edge:
a reassessment of the Narbo warrior denarius serratus (RRC 282)
Ellen MacDougal
School of Classics
University of St Andrews
St. Andrews, UK
This paper provides a reassessment of the signiicance of the Narbo warrior denarius
serratus when it comes to considering how foreign communities from the boundaries
of the Roman Empire were represented on Republican coinage. This coin was minted
in Narbo in approximately 118 B.C. following its foundation as the irst Roman colony
out with Italy. At the time, it was a far from paciied region. It depicts a nude male
Gallic charioteer who is armed and in the process of hurling a spear towards an
unseen enemy. This type marks the earliest extant appearance of a foreign people on
Republican coinage. Despite this, it has attracted very little attention in scholarship,
which has identiied the image of the shackled captive, submissive to triumphing Roman
power as the deining image of a foreign people in Republican numismatics. The
composition of the denarius serratus presents a vastly different picture. Rather than
being shown bound and submissive, he is shown active, armed and aggressive, with
the outcome of his struggle unclear. By placing the coin type as far as possible within its
contemporary context, this paper considers how an ancient viewer at the boundaries of
the empire might have understood this image. The paper offers two potential avenues
for interpretation. Firstly, the coin is considered against the contemporary backdrop of
on-going conlicts in what was a far from settled region surrounding Narbo. Secondly,
the coin is interpreted in the light of contemporary attitudes towards Gauls relected
elsewhere in literature and artwork. There is a clear second century B.C. literary and
artistic focus upon Gallic warriors at moments of combative action. In this tradition,
a contemporary ancient viewer might have understood this scene as anticipating a
Roman victory through superior military strength. A thorough investigation of this coin
type in the light of its contemporary historical, literary and artistic context provides a
more nuanced picture of peoples from the boundaries of the Empire in late Republican
numismatics than just the image of the captive.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Being Greek, Being Roman:
identity crises and representations of political anxiety
in the coinage and epigraphic record of Bosporan dynasts
Magdalena Anna Bulanda
Birkbeck College, University of London
London, UK
Of all the states of the Greek East, the Bosporan Kingdom, and particularly its relationship
with the Roman Empire, is the subject of little discussion in modern academia. This lack
of interest stems from a general tendency to regard, almost exclusively, this peripheral
state as part of the Greek world. After all, it was Greek colonies that lay at its foundation.
Yet once within the Roman sphere of interests, Cimmerian Bosporus remained irmly
under imperial inluence until the 4th century, contributing to the success of imperial
policy within the Black Sea Littoral and the Eastern Mediterranean.
This paper will examine the dificulties experienced by the Bosporan dynasts, balancing
a perceived commitment to the Empire, whilst preserving their heterogeneous, GrecoScythian heritage. The anxiety to appeal to both their Roman patrons and subjects
is displayed in the changing symbology and patterns of the local coinage; and the
periodic veiling of Roman imagery attests to shifting attitudes within Bosporan society.
Depending on the political circumstances within the Pontic region either nationalistic or
servile attitudes emerged. The beneits of Roman assistance, when deemed necessary,
drove monarchs to express their loyalty; a lack of culpable support encouraged
manifestations of their independence and sovereignty.
The study of self-representation within both the local coinage and epigraphic
monuments of the Bosporan kings contributes to our understanding of the cultural and
political interactions, and their consequences on the fringes of the Roman Empire.
Fundamentally, this conlict between political alliance and nationalistic attitudes
exempliies the growing anxiety of the Roman clients to construct a domestic selfportrait of both authority and domination.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Some traits of Romanization in Eastern Dalmatia
Dragana Grbić
Institute for Balkan Studies,
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Belgrade, Serbia
From Roman epigrapher’s point of view, the author focuses on some aspects of
Romanization and urbanization in the Roman province of Dalmatia, primarily on its
eastern part.
The impact of Roman culture and urban development greatly varied indifferent regions
of the province and the tempo of acculturation was dictated by somewhat harsh realities
of the life of provincial population which was mostly used for ore-mining and recruitment
for auxiliary units. The changes brought on by the process of Romanization were
usually slow to come, especially in places where a proper urban setting was lacking
and where there was no greater outside inluence. A vital Romanizing impulse came
from the presence of Italic families in provincial communities and their social and
business networks. The establishment of Italic settlers promised intensiied economic
and cultural exchange, bringing prosperity to thriving communities and instigating the
rise of native Romanized families. Inscriptions testify to their intensive interaction with
native population in eastern Dalmatia and reveal some very interesting information
which will be discussed here.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Identities Under Pressure:
Ethnogenesis and Imperialism in Late Iron Age Gaul
Alberto Pérez Rubio
Autonomous University of Madrid
Madrid, Spain
I
n this paper we analyze the dynamic nature of ethnic identities in Late Iron Age Gaul
and the paramount role that in their deinition played warfare and military pressure,
especially Roman intervention from the middle of the 2nd century BC onwards. Even if
some ethnic identities in Gaul could perhaps be traced as far back as the 4th century
BC, the migration of the Cimbrii and Teutones at the end of the 1st century BC, the
increasing Roman presence, crystallized in the Caesarean conquest, and the own
rivalries among Gallic civitates, meant a situation of pervading military stress.
Against this backdrop, group identities were redeined according to political
and military developments. Migrating communities as the Helvetii, military coalitions
as the one constituted by the Belgae, or hegemonic civitates as the Aeduii, show us
inclusive and luid processes of construction of ethnic identities, where small groups
could coalesce into bigger ones ‒or segregate. Alongside the political dimension,
cultural strategies as the construction of a shared cultural memory were crucial in the
strengthening of these redeined identities, in a time when changes brought by Roman
Imperialism were increasingly felt by Gallic societies.
This study is carried out by the Group Occidens (www.occidens.es), that integrates
scholars from several Western European universities, currently working for the
Research Project: "Diplomacy and political communication in the West (III-I centuries
BC)" (HAR2015-66232-P), funded by the Spanish Government and the European
Union (FEDER).
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Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016
NOTES:
Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Civitas sine urbe:
an approach to different ways of being roman in northwest Iberia
Antonio Rodríguez Fernández
Instituto de Historia, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Cientiicas
Madrid, Spain
Northwest Iberia has been usually understood as a landscape of cultural resistance to
the Roman Empire. A periphery detached from the province’s process of subjugation
with few Roman settlements as islands of cultural spread when a big majority of
the population seems to keep organizational structures and cultural expressions
from ancestral origins. Against this perspective, we will begin by acknowledging the
colonialist mind-set in the acquisition of the Roman’s populi names by autochthonous
groups, which so far has been assumed as a strategy to maintain their traditional mode
of societal organization. Afterwards we will analyse different cases that have been
interpreted in terms of either local resistance or rough forms of Roman models. In this
sense, the rural epigraphy from the civitas Vadiniensis is a paradigmatic example of
elite discourse regarding the development of social inequalities. A critical approach to
the classic concept of Romanization is required to emphasise the local understanding
of Roman culture, the inner hierarchy involved in their access to the Roman’s civitas
system, and the inluence over modes of social representation.
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Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Iudaea/Palaestina vs. Erets-Israel Jewish identity
and the perception of “Holy Land” during
the Roman occupation of Iudaea/Palaestina
Tibor Grüll
University of Pécs
Pécs, Hungary
I
mperialism―no matter when or where―uses the policy of changing borders. Romans
were masters of the principle of what we call “divide and conquer”, especially in Judea.
Pompey the Great was the irst to divide the country in accordance with the interests
of Rome, and since the borders of Judea have been modiied several times. The legal
status of Judea has also been changed from time to time: it was a kingdom (Herod the
Great; Agrippa I and II); a small province subordinated to Syria (under Roman praefecti;
procuratores; and legati); as well as a territory of principalities governed by tetrarchs
and ethnarchs (Archelaus, Antipas, Philip). During the almost 400 hundred years of
Roman occupation (63 BCE – 325 CE) the territory of Iudaea/Palaestina became
a patchwork of free cities (with their territoria of signiicant size); military bases and
zones; villages with mixed populations; farm-house estates (villae); imperial estates
etc. The country of the Jews became heterogeneous, both ethnically and religiously:
Romans, Greeks, Syrians, Samaritans, Idumeans, and Arabs―all with their own
languages, cults and customs―settled here. Multiethnicism and multiculturalism was
a well-known phenomenon in other Roman provinces as well, but in Iudaea/Palaestina
it caused many troubles for the indigenous Jewish people. Cohabitation with “pagans”
(i.e. non-Jews) is not without its problems because of the practical regulations of the
Jewish halacha. While the Romans saw Iudaea/Palaestina as a territory conquered and
incorporated to the imperium populi Romani―for the Jewish people it was the “Holy
Land” promised by God to their forefathers. After three lost wars (66–73; 115–117;
132–135 CE) and the destruction of the Temple (70 CE) the “Holy Land-theology” has
remained an important issue for the Jewish people living in Iudaea/Palaestina. Both the
Tannaitic literature and a peculiar Hebrew inscription found at the Rehov-synagogue
(ifth century CE) show that the Rabbis were frequently addressed on the question
of the “borders of Erets-Israel”. It is obvious that this particular question was of great
importance in keeping the religious identity of the Jewish people living in the province
of Iudaea/Palaestina. To keep all the laws concerning the “Holy Land of Israel” (tithing,
sabbatical fallowing, laws of purity etc.), however, was also important from an economic
point of view. Consuming the wine of the pagans was absolutely forbidden for the Jews;
the bread made by a pagan baker was allowed only when a Jewish bakery was not
available; but the oil was allowed by the Rabbi (Judah the Prince), i.e. in the second half
of the second century CE.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Disorders on the edge:
Iberian banditry in ancient discourses and modern identities
Tomás Aguilera Durán
Autonomous University of Madrid
Madrid, Spain
The banditry as the characteristic warfare and way of life of the pre-Roman peoples
of Iberia is a typical question of ancient and modern historiography. This paper will
make a diachronic analysis of the topic from the classical sources to the most recent
revisions, focusing on the symbolic and ideological implications of its evolution. Firstly,
it functioned as negative stereotype in the context of the Hellenistic ethnography and
imperialist discourse of Rome. However, its original sense was inverted in its modern
reception in two interesting ways. In the nationalistic context the topic was idealized as
the irst example of the guerrilla resistance of Spaniards. On the other hand, the Marxist
historiography reinvented the topic as an ancient case of revolution and class struggle.
The paper will consider how these paradigms remain in the collective imagination. In
some extent, this imperialist stereotype originated one of the most distinctive features
of the Spanish historical identity.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Roman Imperialism in the Historia Augusta:
Construction and communication of Emperors' virtues and vices
Cristiana Rofi
Graduate School for the Humanities Cologne,
Department of Ancient History − Universität zu Köln
Cologne, Germany
The aim of this abstract is to examine a speciic aspect of the collection of Roman
imperial biographies conventionally known as Historia Augusta (henceforth: HA),
namely the igures of the emperors and the analysis of the ideal of optimus and malus
princeps through the semantics interpretation of adjectives − sanctus, optimus, malus –
and nouns − clementia, parcitas, pudicitia, pietas / luxuria, voluptas, peridia, crudelitas,
severitas – in comparison with the corresponding biographical vitae. In addition, this
paper proposes to trace the development of an exemplary aspect of imperial imageforming, starting from the analysis of the traditional imperial representations and the
vitia and virtutes of the rulers. A special section will be dedicated to the topoi related
to tyrants and the negative or positive connotations not derived from topoi, examining
the literary strategy used by the authors to discredit or praise an emperor (in terms
of consecratio and damnatio memoriae). In particular, I will focus especially on the
authors’ attempts to discredit the rulers and to differentiate between sovereigns
regarded as “good” or “bad”, providing an overview of cultural stereotypes in the HA,
examining (self-)representations and (self-)images and their impact on the formation of
imperial identity. What is more, it will be relevant to investigate the traditionally “good
emperors”, examining in depth an ambivalent impression of the sovereigns (Alexander
Severus, Tacitus and Probus − boni princepes par excellence) and also exploring the
list of traditionally “evil emperors”, especially Commodus and Heliogabalus.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Provincial religion or religion in provinces
– some theoretical considerations
Josipa Lulić
Department of History of Art
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
University of Zagreb
Zagreb, Croatia
Religion in provinces has been studied for a long time as an indicator of the level of
Romanisation. After the strong paradigm shift in the light of postcolonial theory that
banished the word and the concept of Romanisation, a large theoretical vacuum is being
illed with an excitingly large number of new theoretical models that try to conceptualize
the cultural and religious change in the provinces.
There are several additional problems for the theoretical framework for studying the
Balkan provinces, mostly created by the tradition of scholarship that itself was developed
from a “provincial” standpoint of semi-periphery. One of those problems is the implicit
ideological framework of nation as zero institution (Močnik, Žižek) in historiography,
which has framed especially the research of religion in provinces. The trans-historical
concept of nation, embedded in the ideological framework, shaped the possibility of
the conceptualization of the religious change in the province, constraining it to the
resistance – Romanisation paradigm.
For the province of Dalmatia, the theoretical conceptualization of provincial religion as
an autonomous system (Rüpke, Ando) has been proven more fertile. This is further
elaborated through the use of notions of epidemiological theory of culture (Sperber),
network theory, and cognitive theory of religion (Whitehouse); and demonstrated trough
the interpretation of several Liber reliefs from the province.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Beyond religion and beyond theories: new approaches to the study
of sanctuaries in the Hauran, southern Syria (100 BC-AD 300)
Francesca Mazzilli
University of Cambridge
Cambridge Archaeological Unit
Cambridge, UK
From the 1980s until nowadays scholars have argued the notion of local cultural
identities in the Hauran, when looking at sanctuaries from the pre-Roman to the Roman
period. They have not taken into consideration different and more recent approaches
and theories applied to archaeology and Roman archaeology that have developed
in the last twenty-thirty years. Examples are the theory of globalization, for instance,
by McGrew, Pitts and Versluys’ work, and the concept of networks, for instance, by
Collar, Seland, and Brughmans. Recently, sessions from the joint Roman Archaeology
Conference and Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference held at Rome in 2016
have discussed religion and identities as more dynamic aspects of the Roman Empire.
How do different theoretical approaches help us to shape and mould a different
understanding of the past? How has our understanding on sanctuaries in the Hauran
moved forward or backward from previous work through the use of different recent
approaches? These are the research questions that this paper will address by applying
different theoretical approaches listed above to the study of sanctuaries in the Hauran.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Living in the Roman Memphis: the burials of the divine Apis bulls
Nenad Marković
Czech Institute of Egyptology
Charles University at Prague
Prague, Czech Republic
The burials of the divine Apis bulls, the embodiment of the creator-king-god Ptah in life
and the king-god Osiris in death, were among the most important religious festivals of
Memphis for centuries, carrying the strong socio-political messages issued by the king
himself, the members of the royal family, the various priesthoods, and other members
of the ruling élite, as well as alluring the hundreds of pilgrims at least mostly from Lower
Egypt to visit the city and take part in funerary processions. Certain breaks with former
indigenous traditions occurred with the Roman conquest and especially in later times,
but the activities concerning the Memphite divine bulls are attested almost continuously
in surviving records until the second half of the second century CE at latest. However,
the burials of the Roman Apis bulls have not yet been discovered, in stark contrast to the
burials of the divine Buchis bull in Hermonthis (Thebaid), spanning from Augustus (30
BCE) until Constantius II (340 CE). This paper aims to investigate exact circumstances
around the last two known Apis burials under Antonius Pius and Marcus Aurelius, dated
to c. 156 and c. 170 CE respectively, the social status and prosopography of people
said to be involved with the organization of burial in and out of Memphis, their attested
mutual connections, and social structure those interconnections imply.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
On Typhon, red men and the tomb of Osiris:
Ancient (mis)interpretations and human sacriice in Egypt
Uroš Matić
Institute for Egyptology and Coptic studies
University of Muenster
Muenster, Germany
Egyptological tendency to use later written sources to interpret earlier ritual practices,
and vice versa, to use earlier evidence to interpret attestations in later written sources,
often produces circular arguments and constructed continuities of ancient ritual
practices. Greek and Roman authors describing Egyptian rituals are understood by
most Egyptologists as a valid source of information comparable to the sources coming
from Egypt herself. Indeed, some of the ritual practices attested in Ptolemaic and Roman
Egypt have earlier origins, some however do not, and some are described by Greek and
Roman authors only. This does not necessarily mean that they actually ever existed in
Egypt. In this paper I will deal with transfers of knowledge on human sacriice in ancient
Egypt. The aim is to examine which elements of the ritual of human sacriice described
in the works Diodorus Siculus, Plutarch, Porphyrus, Achiles Tatius and Procopius
of Caesarea are indeed attested in visual and written sources of different periods of
Egyptian history and which are added or (mis)interpreted, deliberately or not. It will
be argued that Greek and Roman authors used human sacriice in Egypt as a literary
topos. At the same time the knowledge of Egyptian rituals inluenced by this topos was
(mis)interpreted, transformed and transferred through an orientalist discourse by both
ancient authors and modern scholars.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Addressing the emperor as a religious strategy
at the edge and in the centre of Empire
Jörg Rüpke
University of Erfurt
Erfurt, Germany
Recent research has shown that there was not even a vaguely deined segment of
religious practices that could or should be labeled „imperial cult“. Directly addressing
the emperor in religious communication or bringing him (or her or them) into such
communication as additional beneicients (pro salute) was an option that was or was not
taken at speciic times and in speciic places. Once taken, however, similar practices of
given permanency and visibility to such communication as in other religious acts were
taken. These sacralizations took the form of dedications, monumentalized inscriptions,
temples or foundations for smaller or larger (festivals) rituals. The talk will try to
reconstruct motifs for engaging in such actions and transregional communications and
institutionalizations that were framing and informing such choices. Speciic attention
will be given to the spatial aspects and the agents involved.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Relations between Rome and the cities
of the Western Black Sea koinon
Valentin Bottez
Faculty of History
University of Bucharest
Bucharest, Romania
This paper focuses on the history of relations between the poleis of the Western Black
Sea koinon and the Roman authorities, as seen especially at a religious level.
Once they entered the Roman sphere of inluence, the old Greek cities in question
introduced the imperial cult as a ritual medium for dealing with their supreme master.
But in time this cult lead to a change in their identity, and their need to “earn” a place in
the new world lead to new religious and social phenomena that stressed their belonging
to the Roman world, while at the same time emphasizing their Greekness.
To pursue this line of investigation we will approach two separate issues, involving the
same city - Istros: (1) the case of the local gerousia, a traditional Greek institution that
promoted the local elite and its relationship with the emperor via the imperial cult, and
(2) the introduction of an unlikely god in the traditional Istrian pantheon, namely Mithra.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
The Materiality of Divine Agency:
The Example of Small and Miniature Reproductions
of Mithraic Icon
Nirvana Silnović
Medieval Studies Department
Central European University
Budapest, Hungary
A new class of “small and miniature reproductions of Mithraic icon” has been recently
identiied (R. Gordon, 2004). The class includes representations of bull-killing scene on
stone reliefs, bronze statuettes, silver and bronze plaques, cult-vessels, and personal
ornaments. As usually accepted, Mithraic cult-reliefs are characterized by the relatively
uniform and stereotypical iconography, which allowed for the “symbol-package” to
travel, and stay coherent and easily recognizable in the various parts of the Roman
Empire (L. Dirven/M. McCarty, 2014). The same features are observable on the “small
and miniature reproductions of Mithraic icon.” This presentation will deal with these
reproductions, easily transportable objects found at various parts of the Roman Empire,
and will discuss their mediatory role between materially represented god on cult-reliefs
and mentally visualized one, resulting from contemplating these reproductions. It will be
argued that these miniature objects acquired a role of a memory aid, and served as a
reminder of the sacred narrative depicted on cult-reliefs. It will be shown that they must
be seen as objects which were produced and circulated in particular social milieux, thus
obtaining a practical role of social agents (A. Gell, 1998) in a process of establishing the
collective identity, as well of a personal relationship with the god.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Displaying Roman and Local Identities at the Edges of the Empire
Ghislaine van der Ploeg
University of Tampere
Tampere, Finland
Asclepius enjoyed widespread worship in the Danube and Balkan provinces and
Thrace, where he was mainly supplicated by soldiers and oficials. These men enjoyed
high levels of mobility in their professional lives, far more so than foot soldiers who
could expect to be stationed in one province for their entire career, and were often
moved around the empire. They took with them the familiar gods which they had
previously worshipped and supplicated them anew in the new locality where they were
now stationed. This would have boosted dissemination of the cult but dedications
also show that supplicants used this religious context to display their identities, which
were often a blend of Roman and local. Identities were constructed in ways which
appeared Roman but kept strong local elements through names and places of origin
but also by worshipping their regional version of the god. This paper aims to examine
how people perceived and displayed their identities within the religious context of
the cult of Asclepius by investigating dedications to the god. These demonstrate that
while attempts were made by locals to appear more “Roman,” they also kept elements
pertaining to their place of origin. It will explore how the multi-directional connectivity is
displayed in these dedications and how this was a result of migration.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
The impact of empire on cult places and ritual practices
in Roman Gaul and Germany
Ton Derks
Faculty of Arts
VU University Amsterdam
Amsterdam, Netherlands
This paper explores the articulation between the religion of Rome and that of the newly
conquered peoples. It hopes to make the point that following the Roman conquest the
cults and cult places in what became the Gallic and Germanic provinces underwent
a dramatic change, not to say a complete transformation. The essence of this
transformation was twofold and comes down to both the establishment of new cults
and a reorganization of the existing cults according to the civic model of Rome. Each
civitas got its own set of public sanctuaries and its own set of public cults. Some of
these were completely new, others were transformations of pre-existing cults and cult
places. In addition, a completely new visual imagery derived from imperial examples
was introduced. It will therefore be argued that for most cases for which we have good
archaeological evidence the endeavor to try to distinguish between ‘indigenous’ and
‘Roman’ cults is misleading and in fact hampers a good understanding of the processes
at work.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
The amphitheatre in Roman cities: urbanistic correspondence
during the Augustan Age
Ilaria Trivelloni
Sapienza University of Rome
Rome, Italy
The amphitheatre is one of the most dynamic realities of the Roman cities. In Italy irst
amphitheatres were built about the I century B.C.; today archaeological remains allow
to count circa sixty amphitheatres between the Augustan Age and the irst half of the
I century A.D.. All Italian cities are invested by a process of renovatio urbis, wanted
by the princeps. Thanks to this new urban-planning, a very high number of public
areas became spaces for public utilities, especially dedicated to an important aspect
of Roman daily life: “free time”. From the architectural point of view, the monumental
expression of Roman “free time” are: thermae, theatrum, amphiteatrum.
Speciically, the amphitheatre appears as macrocosm for entertainment inside the
greater macrocosm represented by the city; the amphitheatre in fact can hold for itself
thousand people and include many spaces for public utilities. The purpose of this study
is to explain how far this huge typology of ‘free time’ architecture has modiied the
urban-topography, in order to highlight their position, inside or outside the city wall,
paying attention to the connection between city, amphitheatre and main urbanistic roads
system. In many cases in fact, beside the renovatio of a consular road corresponds the
construction of an amphitheatre in a peripheral or suburban city area.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
'Triumphal' Arches in a Provincial Setting
Joanna Kemp
The University of Warwick
Warwick, UK
In Rome there were a number of arches which have been identiied as ‘triumphal’ i.e.
relating to a triumph or the defeat of a foreign enemy, for example, the arches of Titus,
Septimius Severus and Constantine. They are characterised as such based on their
decoration: defeated or submissive barbarians, a quadriga chariot, the triumph itself
or arms and warfare. Arches have been located throughout the provinces, clearly
copying the model that developed in Rome. Heinz Kähler’s wrote a catalogue in the
Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaftin which he detailed almost
250 locations with Roman arches, or as he termed them, ‘triumphbogen’. Many of these
arches contained decoration depicting captured barbarians, weapons friezes or trophies
of some sort, leading to their identiication as triumphal arches. But if the Latin literature
is examined, the term arcus triumphalesis never seen. Therefore, if the ancient authors
did not distinguish these as their own distinct group of monument, there is the question
of how the peoples of the empire perceived them. This paper examines the function of
an arch, which carried heavily imperialistic overtones in Rome, when it appeared in a
provincial setting, focusing upon the Rhineland. It investigates who set them up and
how their messages could be interpreted or altered by the local community.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Competition, Meaning, and Monumentalization in Gallia Comata
Aaron Irvin
Murray State University
Murray, USA
Perhaps the most striking, and archaeologically speaking the most evident, change
that occurred in Gallia Comata from the 1st century BCE to the end of the 2nd century
CE was the incorporation of massive, monumental, Roman-style architecture. Many of
these monuments still stand to this day, providing an obvious, visual argument for the
impact that Roman culture had on native Gallic society. Overall, the incorporation of
Roman architecture and monuments, paid for and dedicated by members of the local
elite, seems to indicate a clear cultural shift in Gallic society and the adoption of Roman
conceptions of urbanism and the role of the urban aristocracy in providing munera for
the populace.
This presentation will examine the remains of monumental architecture throughout the
Three Gauls, speciically focusing on those structures that can be said to be “purely”
Roman in their origin: the forum complex, theaters, baths, amphitheaters, and triumphal
monuments. This presentation will argue that these monuments served as public
validation of the authority of the Roman imperial power; by extension, these monuments
served to validate the authority of the local elite, as well as to identify the cracks and
contours of local alliances and factions. The ediication of urban space thus became a
new ground for the Gallic aristocracy to play out its internal rivalries, rather than a public
expression of acceptance or obedience under Rome.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Fora: refunctionalization of the public space
after the end of the Roman city
Dario Canino
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Barcelona, Spain
Sapienza Università di Roma
Roma, Italy
The paper is the analysis of a number of examples of forensic complex in which, after
the end of the roman city (as an entity organized and administratively dependent
from a central power) and the next phase of abandonment, happens a reoccupation
of the spaces, that previously had been public. The forum of the city, for its innate
topographical peculiarities, among which, in primis, the constant characteristic of
centrality (which does not always exist from a geometrical point of view, relative to
the entire urban plant, but certainly always exists from a functional point of view) and
point of passage of large road arteries, is particularly appropriate to become the place
where, even after a big traumatic event, can easily be realized a new beginning of
human activities, although very different from those carried out during the life of the
Roman city. The same condition of “destroyed city” can give life, also in a relatively
short time, to a mosaic of activities related to the recovery of material, coming from the
destroyed buildings and create a new, also if reduced, urban core. Not only a natural
disasters can determine the end of a city; the absence of a strong central government,
in fact, can determine the abandonment, or a substantial downsizing, of an urban plan,
in particular, if it was originally designed for strategic or commercial demands.
Even in these cases, the area of the forum, may be altered, such as, for example, the
invasion perpetrated by citizens who take possession of space previously of public
destination.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Soldiers and gladiators:
Amphitheaters of Balkans provinces
and their relation to Roman army
Marko A. Janković
Archeological Collection
Department of Archaeology
Belgrade University
Belgrade, Serbia
Relations between Roman army and gladiatorial spectacles were outlined more than
several times before - prisoners of war, important Roman victories reenactments, images
of conquered people through gladiatorial equipments and ighting stiles are just a few
quick connections. Still, in provincial contexts, Roman spectacles organized in specially
designed venues - amphitheaters, were important in everyday routine communication
between Roman administration (and military units) and local populations. Such venues
were usually erected outside the city walls and in the vicinity of local settlements, and
in that manner they were available to all.
Visiting the spectacles were just one of myriad of ways of constructing and maintaining
Roman identities in the provinces. Visiting, watching, engaging in such practices
inluenced social mobility and differentiation of status identities within local populations.
The most prominent role of spreading spectacles in Balkan provinces (Dalmatia and
Moesia Superior) was given to Roman legions. Several epigraphic monuments conirms
that amphitheaters were dedicated to faithful legions (Burnum), so we can assume that
they were erected for the military units, at least in earliest periods. Assumption that
military used those venues for parades and trainings is at least, problematic. Nearby
campus (training ground) was conirmed in Burnum, so erecting the amphitheater for
that purpose would be unusual.
This paper aims to put some light on the role of Roman army when it comes to Balkans
provincial amphitheaters and spectacles organized within them. If we observe them as
a kind of key points of everyday interactions, it is of vital importance to understand their
dynamics and their purpose.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Trappings of power at the end of empire:
Military authority in transition from the later 4th century i
n northern Britannia
Rob Collins
Newcastle University
Newcastle, UK
The changed circumstances of the later Roman Empire saw the evolution of its elite
classes in a complex political dynamic in which senators, equestrians, and even noncitizen barbarians could wield the reins of power. Military oficers and generals, traditional
igures of authority in the Empire, were no exception to these new circumstances – yet
we know surprisingly little about the oficers of the limitanei, the frontier soldiers. In
northern Britannia, a number of changes are evident in the archaeological record of
late 4th century military sites. Artefactual and architectural evidence indicates that the
praepositii in this distant frontier zone were no longer living in a fashion ‘typical’ of their
class. This paper will present that evidence, arguing that the adaptation of the military
elite was crucial to the post-Roman development of northern Britannia.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Different forms of Roman Imperialism: social and territorial changes
in Northwestern Iberia from 2nd B.C. to 2nd A.D.
Inés Sastre
Instituto de Historia
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientiicas
Madrid, Spain
The Roman domination of the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula is characterized by a
variety of stimuli and the related diverse responses. In this context the simplifying duality
of "Roman vs. indigenous" completely foregoes the rich historical tapestry we intend to
analyze. It also conceals the role of contact and subordination as cornerstones of this
historical process. Recent contributions have focused for too long on the indigenous
aspect, conferring Rome only a marginal role. But evidence reveals that Roman
irruption is actually the reason why local forms of symbolic and social organization were
abruptly overturned. A supericial application of the concepts of “tradition”, “survival”,
“continuity” has carelessly shadowed over the peculiarities of provincial society.
Two processes of change are documented in Northwestern Iberia, with different
responses from local communities. At the end of the Republic, from 2nd c. B.C. until
Augustus’ conquest, the presence of the Roman army caused a drastic change in
some Atlantic coastal areas, with the appearance of large fortiied settlements and a
very unique material record. With these traits a “lourishing period” of Iron Age Castro
Culture has been constructed. A closer analysis reveals that they are an effect of
Roman imperialism within this later Republican phase.
A second greater transformation, this time affecting the whole Northwest region,
was the Augustan provincial organization upon completing the conquest during the
Cantabrian Wars. Augustus applied a new vision of imperial domination which better
suited the political system he had created, and it entailed direct and systematic control
of all territory and communities. This was carried out by applying a system of civitates
peregrinae, with legal, administrative, political and iscal connotations. On this base,
the systematic exploitation of gold mines could be carried on by the State.
All these transformations are relected in a new territorial articulation that conforms a
basically rural landscape.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Beyond ethno-determinism and tribal hierarchy: Roman imperialism
and late Iron Age communities of Lower Sava and Middle Danube
Vladimir D. Mihajlović
Department of History
Faculty of Philosophy
University of Novi Sad
Novi Sad, Serbia
The traditional historical and archaeological approach to late Iron Age and early Roman
period in the area of the central Balkans is biased by ethnocentrism and culturalhistorical paradigm. Perceiving the late Iron Age as the period characterized by ethnic
tribes, these interpretations tended to ascribe the whole area of the Lower Sava,
Middle Danube and Great Morava valleys to the ‘Celtic’ tribe of Scordisci. Supposedly
direct descendants from the ‘Celts’ who attacked Delphi in 279 BCE, the Scordisci are
imagined as highly warlike population, ruled by (so called) military aristocracy/elite, who
were constantly fought (starting from the end of the II c. BCE), inally defeated (16 BCE),
incorporated into the Empire and then Romanized in the course of I and II c. CE.
However, moving away from tendency to ethnically determine Iron Age populations
with the help of ancient written sources (i.e. by ascribing the ethnonyms known from
them to material culture and deined territory), as well as from the idea of hierarchically
ordered ethnic tribes, some other pictures might appear. By pointing out general and
vaguely deined meaning of the term Scordisci, and taking into consideration settlement
patterns (spatial distribution, size, type, internal features) of the area in question, I try
to open the possibility of the existence of numerous (‘small-scale’) communities whose
mutual relations might have been very different then imagined hierarchical ethno-tribal
organization. I also argue that change of perspective allows fresh problematization
of the nature of interactions between Roman imperial structure and local societies,
which were fragmented, particularized and at the base of emerging provincial social
structures.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
The landscape of dominance: two case studies
from the provincia Judaea
Adam Pažout
Department of Archaeology
University of Haifa
Haifa, Israel
The impact of Roman army and administration on provincial population and its different
manifestations is a subject of ongoing scholarly research. Special case presents
province of Judaea due to historical account offered by Josephus and two devastating
revolts – the Great Revolt of 66-72 CE and Bar Kochba uprising in 130s CE. Two cases
of visual impact of Roman period military installations on the landscape and civilian
communities will be presented. The irst is concerned with marginal region of northern
Negev in the valley of Nahal Beersheva, which is nevertheless crossed by important
commercial routes. It is argued that military installations in settled agricultural area
of the region were constructed so that they could accommodate for signalization and
visual control of civilian settlements. Thus creating “landscape of dominance” not only
monitoring the population but also manifesting the presence of central administration
and the army. The second case study is treating region of southern Golan Heights
between Sea of Galilee and gorges of Yarmuk and Rukad rivers – the chora of the city
of Hippos. Preliminary results of ongoing PhD research of the author will be presented.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Landscape and Limes: Interpreting the Antonine Wall via spatial
analyses in GIS
Mychal Dycka
Institute of Classical Archaeology
Faculty of Arts, Charles University
Prague, Czech Republic
Recent studying of the Antonine Wall via Viewshed Analysis has presented an interesting
pattern. Locations chosen for Roman forts and fortlets offered good observation of
the frontier zone, most sites were intervisible each with other and thus fundamental
conditions for existence of a visual signal chain on the limes were met.
On the other hand, some problems occurred as well. In order to give potential Roman
sentries a full observance of the coastal region, apparently at least one fortlet on the
coastline is still missing. Predictive modeling or Cost Path Analysis could help us to ind
the most favourable location for this installation. However, some forts were in terms of
visibility analysis situated on unfavourable locations. Despite a fact that visual signal
chain could have been maintained even without them, nodal question why they were
situated where they were still remains. This leads us back to another very old question:
What kind of qualities should a spot chosen for a Roman fort have? While some forts on
the Anotnine Wall were clearly situated where they were in order to it the visibility and
intervisibility pattern, some were not. Could the Cost path Analysis be a key to better
understanding the Antonine Wall? Presented paper is principally trying to examine
correlation between locations of Iron Age settlements north of the Antonine Wall and
positioning of Roman forts via spatial analyses in GIS software.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Frontier Zone into Empire's Core: Ljubuški Archaeological Project
and Cultural Landscapes of Narona's Hinterland
Tomasz Dziurdzik
Institute of Archaeology
University of Warsaw
Warsaw, Poland
The aim of the paper is to present the cultural landscape research project in Ljubuški
community, Bosnia and Herzegovina, by University of Warsaw in co-operation with
University of Mostar. The irst campaign took place in October 2015; further research in
2016-2019 is inanced by Polish National Science Centre (grant 2015/19/N/HS3/00886).
The surroundings of Ljubuški are ideally suited to study cultural processes causing
long-lasting differences between coastal and hinterland parts of Dalmatia. The area is
a miniature of the whole province, containing different landscape and economic zones
and having among its ancient inhabitants diverse categories of people with various
origins and lifestyles. It lay on the edges of the territory of Roman colony Narona, one
of the major cities in the region, its settlement inluenced not only by this vicinity, but
also by the military, deployed to protect the farming population well disposed towards
Roman rule from pastoral inhabitants of the interior. During the rule of Tiberius a group
of veterans given plots of land as an award for their service was also settled there.
According to traditional historical narratives, such direct involvements of Imperial
power greatly facilitated the development through the process of Romanization and
urbanization. However, it appears that cultural changes result more from the complex
landscape conditions and various centre-periphery interactions than political decisions.
The answers to questions about processes taking place in that particular area will
hopefully allow to reconstruct the causes of dissimilarities in the pace of development
in Roman Dalmatia.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
The patterns of settlement in the Balkan countryside during the
period of the High Empire
Damjan Donev
Leiden University
Leiden, Netherlands
The great majority of the Roman urban and para-urban settlements of the Balkan
Peninsula and the Danube provinces were new foundations. Most of them were built
on green-ield sites, uninhabited in the preceding Hellenistic/La Tène periods. Outside
Greece only a small fraction of the Roman urban network was inherited from the preRoman period. In contrast to the new foundations the towns that were incorporated into
the Roman Empire kept their old constitutions, civic and religious institutions and in
some cases, they even preserved the old urban fabric and layout. In what other aspects
was this dichotomy relected? We are particularly interested in exploring the possible
differences in the patterns of exploitation in the hinterlands of these two categories of
urban settlements. Knowing the current state of art of the archaeological studies in the
Roman countryside, this broadly deined research goal will remain beyond our reach for
a longer period of time. The humble corpus of legacy data at our disposal is often highly
ambiguous and dificult to systematize. Nonetheless on the basis of what is known about
the relation between the Roman town and its countryside in general and the intercity
distances in the zones of Roman and pre-Roman urbanism, a number of important
inferences can be made which can help us deine more speciic research hypotheses.
In addition we can start making use of the data collected during the intensive ceramic
surveys carried out in a couple of micro-regions along the Vardar valley over the past
several years. The region of the Vardar valley is a study unit particularly well-suited to
answer our research goal as it unites the zones of the old and new urbanisms. Moreover
the insights which have been obtained from the systematic collections of the surface
ceramic record will put the legacy data from the rest of the Balkan interior in a clearer
perspective. We will try to avoid making precocious and unwarranted generalizations,
even though parallels seem to abound between our narrower study area and the
broader region of the Balkan Peninsula. The critical reading of the available legacy
data can doubtlessly offer valuable information, but on their own they are insuficient
and they can’t replace the systematic study of the Roman countryside.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Aspects of material culture in rural identities in Roman Wales and
the Marches
Leah Reynolds
Cardiff University
Cardiff, UK
The study of the Roman period in Wales and the Marches has traditionally focused
on military sites, and the resulting martial narrative of the conquest of the region is
relatively well understood. However, the responses of the civilian population to the
process of conquest and integration into the Roman imperial system are less well
known, particularly in the context of rural settlement. The relative lack of research
in this area has led to the persistence of simplistic Roman/native dichotomies in the
discussion of identities within the region, as well as the continued inluence of concepts
such as Romanization.
This paper will focus on the impact of Roman conquest on the identities of the civilian
population of the region, exploring its potential by considering aspects of material culture
from a case-study of rural settlement and working within a body of theory in Roman
archaeology in which the role of material culture has been central to the development
of a more nuanced understanding of the construction and expression of identities. In
doing so I shall explore the extent to which rural assemblages of pottery, small inds,
and other material – even in a region long considered to be materially poor - can be
utilised to investigate the responses to imperial control in this part of the western fringe,
its engagement with the wider Roman networks of exchange, and the varied ways in
which inhabitants subsequently constructed and negotiated their identities within the
imperial system.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Physical and Temporal Edges of the Roman World: Copper Alloy
Vessels applied to the Problem of Late Roman Antiquity
Jason Lundock
Gulf Archaeology Research Institute
Crystal River, Florida, USA
Ever since the introduction of the term ‘Late Antiquity’ into the vocabulary of historical
studies, researchers have been grappling with the problem of deining when the
transition between ‘Roman Europe’ and ‘Late Antique Europe’ lies. While core areas of
the Empire are relatively well documented by contemporary sources, the frontiers and
limes provinces struggle with fragmentary and often contradictory historical references.
The application of inds studies, particularly developmental use and distribution patterns
of material culture, promises to provide new and refreshing insight into this issue. This
paper will analyse copper alloy vessels from the irst ive centuries of the Common Era
in the Western Roman provinces. Case studies will be offered from Britain, Gaul, the
Balkans and the German frontier to examine both the development of vessel typology
as well as the distribution patterns of copper alloy vessels across time and space.
This paper will illustrate that a distinct shift may be traced to the Third Century Crisis
which affects the vessel assemblage of the Western Europe and represents a change
of vessel use and ritual practice from the Principate and may be argued to signal the
beginning of the Late Antique period.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
De-globalizing Romanization? Recent trends in imperialism across
the Roman World at the end of the Postmodern era
Edoardo Vanni
University of Siena
Siena, Italy
This paper examines on the one hand, the Romanization debate, and the role of
postcolonial studies in deconstructing this paradigm and in building new narratives
concerning the Roman world (creolization, cultural revolution, globalization theory and
so on). Although it takes up the thread of some recent contributions to Roman studies,
the question is to understand theoretically and historiographically, the origin of this
profound deconstruction of scholarship on Romanization and its outgrowths, by referring
in detail to pertinent socio-historical tendencies and cross-disciplinary developments.
The aim is to verify the utility of this deconstruction concerning the imperial debate
where the postcolonial theory is employed both as a tool for critical discourse analysis
and as an approach to past cultural contact at the end of the post colonial era. Finally, it
is argued that the debate should be cast in a new, relational mould in order to take into
account both local and global perspectives on the Roman past. After the failure of great
narratives, we are now seeing a rise (or a need?) of strong theoretical back-grounds,
that recall (new)-materialism. We suggest to rethink the role of Romanization thought in
the wider context of different academic traditions, especially for the Theoretical Roman
Archaeological Agenda, at the end of Post-Modern Era.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Moving objects, mass consumption
and cultural imagination in the early Roman West
Martin Pitts
University of Exeter
Exeter, UK
What was the cultural impact of standardised objects in motion like terra sigillata and
ibulae in the early Roman West? Recent research has done much to dispel the myth
that the mere presence of these objects can be taken as a uniform indicator of the desire
to ‘become Roman’. We know that culture in the provinces was much more complicated
than old-fashioned models of Romanisation once assumed, and that the uses and
meanings of standardised objects varied immensely according to local circumstances.
Nevertheless, it remains the case that few contextually-sensitive studies of consumption
have been conducted across larger vistas of connected localities that made up the
Roman world. A perspective founded on connectivity and globalisation challenges
prevailing tendencies to consider regions and provinces in isolation, prompting new
questions about the extent and agency of long-distance connections, and the impacts
of circulating objects.
This lecture presents some of the initial indings from an ongoing project on the
impacts of moving objects on local communities in Belgica, Britannia and Germania,
c. 100 BCE – 100 CE. Having amassed a database of artefacts from over 3000 graves
and equivalent settlement contexts, I ask if there was more to standardised material
culture than simple likeness, exploring the dynamic between styles of objects, local
uses, regional distinctiveness, and pan-regional practices. To what extent can we
speak of a shared cultural imagination in the early Roman West, and how did different
communities relate to this? To this end, the lecture focuses on objects and mortuary
practice in the late Augusto-Tiberian and Claudio-Neronian periods (late irst century
BCE – mid irst century CE), when standardised material culture irst became apparent
on a large-scale.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Expressions of Identity and Mechanisms of Change in South-West
England: a new approach to the reading of material culture
and identity on the edge of the Empire
Siân Thomas
Cardiff University
Cardiff, UK
The counties of Devon and Cornwall have been marginalised in past studies of Roman
Britain. This region lacks developed urban centres, villa estates, and imported ceramics
and other materials from the Roman world. This has been used to suggest that the
communities of the south-west were never fully integrated into the province of Britannia
and in essence the area remained a cultural backwater throughout the four centuries of
Roman governance. New research is however, beginning to offer a new reading of the
archaeology of this area.
Recent theoretical shifts have seen more emphasis being placed on artifacts and their
use in the creation of identity. Using these theoretical approaches I have developed a
new methodology to allow me to re-evaluate ceramics and personal adornment items
from sites within the south-west and explore this relationship between material culture
and the creation of identity. Results suggest that communities and individuals did
express themselves in different ways after the conquest, although differing stimuli for
change meant that these identities were unstable and were renegotiated through time.
In this paper I would like to explore the way in which these new identities were formed
and expressed, and how they altered during the Romano-British period. In particular
I would like to examine the mechanisms for change to offer an explanation as to why
these differing identities formed. It is hoped that this approach can be applied more
widely across other areas of the Roman World which display low levels of engagement
with ‘Roman’ material culture.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Impact of Romanisation on local cultural identities in Etruria: from a
multicultural society to a society of partial identities
Raffaella Da Vela
Rheinische Friedrich Wilhellm
Universität Bonn
Bonn, Germany
The Romanisation of Northern Etruria is a long and complex process. Its impact on
local Etruscan communities is ruled by the interaction of economic, social and cultural
factors within challenges which affected the whole Mediterranean. This is the reason
because I have chosen to approach the study of local cultural identities under the
point of view of the evolution of the relational aspects, to try to contextualize the local
dimensions into the global evolution of their historical context. I propose four parameter
to individuate the marker of local cultural identities: 1. the association of objects in
context; 2. the existence of speciic patterns in the material culture; 3. the choice of the
semantic value of objects in the social and religious rites of the communities. 4. and
the choice of the language. Once individuate the peculiarities of local identities, one
need to relate them with the global dimension. For this reason I analyze the network of
the local communities through the Social Network Analysis and inally I suggest some
possibility to interrelate the evolution in the global network with the changes in the
markers of the local identities. In conclusion I propose to apply a glocal approach to the
question of the local identities during the Romanization to understand local changes in
relation to global challenges.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Cultural change as social discourse: an interpretive framework of
socio-cultural integration in Roman Liburnia
Charles Barnett
Macquarie University
Sydney, Australia
This paper aims to investigate the impact of Roman imperialism on existing social and
cultural templates in ancient Liburnia, the modern-day Ravni Kotari region of northern
Dalmatia. Epigraphic and archaeological evidence relating to social structure and
identity construction is discussed in order to formulate a methodological framework for
assessing and explaining socio-cultural developments in local Liburnian communities.
Examples for evidence of monument construction, burial rituals, cult worship and familial
relations are used to examine how social processes in Liburnian communities were
altered and maintained during Roman expansion in the region. During the Late Iron Age
many Liburnian communities had adopted proto-urban features and the archaeological
record shows signs of increasing social hierarchies and the development of a monetary
economy. They were particularly receptive to certain aspects of the social and cultural
templates of the Hellenistic cities in southern Italy and the eastern Adriatic, in the
sphere of burial rituals as well as in terms of socio-political structures. This paper will
assess cultural change in Roman Liburnia as an element of social discourse to highlight
how the indigenous elite developed practices in identity construction and negotiation of
power according to their contemporary cultural and political environment.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Liburnica/Liburna: Borrowing technology
from the edges of the Roman world
Danijel Dzino
Macquarie University
Sydney, Australia
Luka Boršić
The Institute of Philosophy,
Zagreb, Croatia
Liburnica or liburna is well-known type of warship that was widely used in the Roman
imperial leets. The name leaves little doubt about the origins of the ship – it must have
been originally developed by the Liburni, the indigenous people from northern part of
Eastern Adriatic coast – modern-day northern Dalmatia. The Liburnian communities
developed complex social structure prior to their inclusion in Roman imperial networks,
and were known to Roman writers as able and innovative seamen connected with
invention and use of two types of ship – the warship liburnica and merchant vessel
made of stiched planks called serilia.
Earlier scholarship discussed the period when this Roman adoption of foreign technology
occured, how and why it occured, how did those warships looked like – originally and
in the Roman version. This paper wants to go one step beyond those obvious, and
certainly justiied, questions. Our intention is that through examination of available
written and material evidence ask different set of questions, shifting the focus of the
debate from the description of cultural and technological exchange to more profound
discussion about the actual meaning of this exchange for the both sides in interaction.
On one hand, the paper will assess Roman adoption of liburnica on the local level,
by looking in to the nature of trans-Adriatic networks, construction and perceptions of
local indigenous identities in the period of late Republic and early Empire. On the other
hand, it will discuss wider problems, using this transfer of technology to analyse some
aspects of interaction between the imperial core, its peripheries and frontier-zones in
period under discussion.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Identity and its borders in contemporary Roman mortuary
archaeology in Slovenia
Kaja Stemberger
Department of Classics
King’s College London
London, UK
Identity studies have long been present in the Slovenian archaeological discourse, as
has the concept of Romanisation. One further characteristic they share is that both are
applied almost exclusively in the context of ethnic identity – broader consideration and,
more controversially, a universal deinition of the term are absent.
In this paper I examine several deinitions of the concept of identity advanced by various
authors and discuss their possible application in the context of mortuary archaeology.
I base my discussion on the rich material from Colonia Iulia Emona (modern Ljubljana,
Slovenia) comprising several thousand well-documented graves that span from the 1st
to the 5th century AD. Within the Empire, Emona occupied a strategically important
position in Regio X close to the provincial border which helped ensure a unique diversity.
I compare the material remains and burial manners of Emona’s graves to Norico
Pannonian sites towards the east as well as to the more Italic inluenced cemeteries
towards the west of modern-day Slovenia. Burials form a special type of deposit as the
identities of the deceased are negotiated and changed on purpose at the time of burial,
and the graves sealed afterwards. I approach identity in the burial context as a process
in order to establish not only its ethnic aspect, but also a multitude of others which can
be and, indeed, are expressed in funerary rituals and assemblages. What arises is a
dynamic and complex picture of Roman Emona’s inhabitants.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
When in Rome, eat as the Romans do: changing patterns of food
consumption during the late Iron Age-Roman transition at Emona
(Ljubljana, Slovenia)
Bernarda Županek
Museum and galleries of Ljubljana
Borut Toškan
Institute of Archaeology ZRC SAZU
Ljubljana, Slovenia
In the last decade, the research of Colonia Iulia Emona (Ljubljana, Slovenia) has
focused on questions regarding the beginnings of the colony. Archaeological sources
place the building of the colony on the left bank of Ljubljanica river into late Augustan/
early Tiberian period. However, questions regarding the time of foundation remain
unanswered, and anearlier colonial deduction in the vicinity of the later city still seems
an option.
Besides, questions regarding indigenous settlers and their relationship towards
newcomers in the 1st century BC arise. Research on the right bank of the Ljubljanica
river, under the Castle Hill, have conirmed the existence of an indigenous settlement
during the whole 1st century BC and in the beginning of 1st century AD. During that time
the settlement was becoming Roman.This is testiied by epigraphic sources, remains of
imported eating and drinking vessels and amphorae as packaging containers for wine
and oil. Besides, we notice distinct patterns in meat consumption.
In our contribution, we explore those patterns and interpret them as changes in eating
and drinking practices when new foodstuffs, new vessels, new methods of preparation
and new ways of consuming food were becoming available, and discuss the dynamics
of early Italic permanent settlement in area decades before the building of the Colonia
Emona on the left bank of Ljubljanica river.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
A taste of Rome? Archaeobotany and Identity in Roman Pannonia
Kelly Reed
School of Life Sciences
University of Warwick
Warwick, UK
The frontier of Roman Pannonia would have been a dynamic zone where the interactions
of different peoples would have had transformative repercussions on the local food
system. Food impacts not only ourselves physically, but the global economy, the
environment and society (i.e. rituals, social status etc.), but to date very little is known
about what was eaten and why in this region. Presented here are new archaeobotanical
inds from Roman Mursa providing for the irst time evidence of the plants that were
locally grown but also imported into the town during the early 2nd century AD. In
particular, the discovery of rice and black pepper highlight the importation of luxury
items from the Roman Empire and beyond, but does this suggest a desire of the
inhabitants of Mursa to be more Roman? Or are people from the Empire moving into
Mursa and creating the demand for these luxury items?
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Refurbishing Pannonian identities
Judit Pásztókai-Szeőke
University of West Hungary
Sopron, Hungary
Ivan Radman-Livaja
Archaeological Museum
Zagreb, Croatia
Ottó Sosztarits
Savaria Museum
Szombathely, Hungary
Andrea Csapláros
Savaria Museum
Szombathely, Hungary
As human skin covering the body from outside is seen as the physical, although for
cultural impacts not impenetrable, boundary of the individual as a biological and
psychological entity, gestures, formation-modiication of the corporeal body and
clothing together can be interpreted as its social skin. This constitutes a malleable
surface, which is not only shaped by personal preferencies, social consent and
expectations, but communicates personal and social identities as well. Both the type
of dress and how it is treated are important parts of such a cultural medium. The
archaeological excavations of a workshop in the southern suburb of ancient Savaria
yielded an abundant corpus of textile tools and inscribed commercial lead tags. Tools,
most of which have no local indigenous predecessors, but their parallels origin back to
Italy, are a very useful source for the textile technologies applied locally by the workers.
The tags were used as labels for valuable garments entrusted by clients to the care of
this workshop for refurbishing them. The archaeological inds from this workshop and
similar inscribed lead tags (more than 1200 has been known by now) from other sites
of Pannonia not just allow us to study the local wardrobes (which seem to be different
from the iconographically attested picture), and help to trace the cultural biography of
different garments in this region (e.g. the Roman dress icon, the toga), but also the local
practice for treating clothes in the local Pannonian culture.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
Hannibal – Roman soldier: inscriptions on
the Roman military equipment from the territory of Serbia
Marković Dimitrije
Savić Milan
Faculty of Philosophy
University of Belgrade
Belgrade, Serbia
Roman army had a crucial role in the expansion of Roman state. Great war operation,
that led to conquering territories of what are today Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia and
Herzegovina, happened at the time of the emperor Octavian August, somewhat at
the beginning of the I century AD. In the archaeological material, the presence of the
Roman legions in certain territory, among other things, can be recorded through incised
and punctured inscriptions on bricks, as well as on parts of the weapons of the Roman
soldiers, the later being the subject of this research. The phenomenon of inscriptions on
military equipment is known from earlier periods, within the framework of the Spartan
army, the phalanx of Alexander the Great, and from the Middle Ages. However, it seems
that the majority of these indings come from the period of Roman domination and in
the form of inscriptions which consists of names of the soldiers, Centuries, a superior
oficer or a master who made that object. These inscriptions are not very common,
but can represent a very important source of information because, in archaeological
sense, they may directly refer to the understanding of the individual. Also, in a way,
they can testify about the process of acculturation of the "other" in the system of the
Roman army, as the inscriptions are often of the names of non-italic origin. This paper
will present a total of 18 indings of weapons and military equipment (parts of helmets,
swords, parade weapons, military belts and horse equipment) with inscriptions, found
on the territory of Serbia and dated in the period between I and IV century AD, with
special emphasis on the ethnic attribution, and the very identity of the soldiers. Among
them are specimens with names such as Hannibal - Rome's former nemesis, but also
groups of several names, which can testify about the principle of succession of military
equipment.
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NOTES:
Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
“Persecutio piratarum. A rereading of the Illyrian piracy, through new
underwater archaeological inds in the coast of South Illiria”
Adrian Anastasi
Underwater Archaeology Department
National Institute of Archaeology
Tirana, Albania
By the end of the IV century until the beginning of the II century BC., Illyrians
continuously are accused for piracy, data which relect the ancient sources of Greek
and Roman authors. Greek and Roman historiography will geographically proiled as
a pirate territory, almost all the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and in the collective
imagination is conveyed slowly emerged and was conceived Illyrian pirate igures.
On this "stereotype" was built the "casus belli" of the Roman Senate to intervene in this
area.
Many modern authors have treated this subject widely this theme, some of them
remaining faithful to the historical and literary ancient data and others that have
interpreted these data from a different perspective. These last have requested to see
beyond ancient historiography, placing this argument, in a wider context, economic,
political, social, military and cultural, offering research methodologies that go beyond
a literary historical discipline, and have sought to increase the geographical focus from
regional to Mediterranean, in order to achieve balanced conclusions. However it is not
the objective of this paper to analyze or evaluate these authors.
For all of us, I believe it is clear, the lack of resources from the ancient Illyrian author,
which I think actually undermines a the right analysis of this historical period.
Underwater archaeological research of the National Institute of Archeology, are
extended to all Albanian coast and have given very good results. There are discovered
wrecks, areas with archaeological material, objects that showed a great development of
ancient marine, anchorage areas, informations for ancient ports, and for the deinition
of ancient trade routs. These discoveries, integrated with archaeological data from the
excavations in the ancient coastal cities like Dyrrachium, Apollonia, Orico, Lissus etc.,
for IV-II centuries BC, attest to uninterrupted economic development and constantly
increasing.
So, in my contribution, I would like to give a synthesis of these material evidence, which
are not always in harmony with ancient written sources, especially the dimensions of
Illyrian piracy identiication of historical actors and why not, with the aims of the Roman
Senate for to intervene in the Illyrian territory.
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Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3
The multiple identities Christian martyrs from Scythia province
Andrei Soicaru
Department of Paleoanthropology
“Francisc J. Rainer” Institute of Anthropology
Romanian Academy
Bucharest, Romania
Identity is frequently understood as living people’s perceptions of themselves. After
death, facets of the personal and social identity of the deceased may be highlighted
in mode of burial and grave goods. Aspects of the identity of past people may also be
known through bioarchaeological study of the human skeleton by reconstructing life
history; as a biological and cultural entity the human skeleton records on-going changes
from environment and behaviour. It is therefore possible to consider three kinds of
identity: the personal, that assigned after death, and one created by bioarchaeologists
in the present.
Written sources (Acta Sanctorum) and archaeological data evidence religious
persecution of early Christians under the Tetrarchy. Eleven such individuals have
been identiied on the basis of inscriptions associated with skeletons in crypts. The
bioarchaeological data can be linked to descriptions of punishments and cause of death
in the Acta Sanctorum for two of them. The study will try to demonstrate the multiple
identities of such individuals, some of constructed by other people.
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NOTES:
List of participants
Adrian Anastasi
Underwater Archaeology Department
National Institute of Archaeology
Tirana, Albania
adrian.anastasi@qsa.edu.al
Charles Barnett
Macquarie University
Sydney, Australia
charles.barnett@students.mq.edu.au
Luka Boršić
The Institute of Philosophy,
Zagreb, Croatia
Valentin Bottez
Faculty of History
University of Bucharest
Bucharest, Romania
valentin.bottez@istorie.unibuc.ro
Magdalena Anna Bulanda
Birkbeck College
University of London
London, UK
mbulan01@mail.bbk.ac.uk
Dario Canino
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Barcelona, Spain
Sapienza Università di Roma
Roma, Italy
caninodario@gmail.com
Rob Collins
Newcastle University
Newcastle, UK
robert.collins@newcastle.ac.uk
Andrea Csapláros
Savaria Museum Iseum Savariense
Szombathely, Hungary
Ton Derks
VU University Amsterdam
Faculty of Arts
Amsterdam, Netherlands
a.m.j.derks@vu.nl
Alka Domić Kunić
Croatian Academy
of Sciences and Arts
Zagreb, Croatia
adomic@hazu.hr
Damjan Donev
Leiden University
Leiden, Netherlands
d.donev@hum.leidenuniv.nl
Tomás Aguilera Durán
Autonomous University of Madrid
Madrid, Spain
tomas.aguilera@uam.es
Mychal Dycka
Institute of Classical Archaeology
Faculty of Arts
Charles University
Prague, Czech Republic
dyckamichal@centrum.cz
Danijel Dzino
Macquarie University
Sydney, Australia
danijel.dzino@mq.edu.au
Tomasz Dziurdzik
Institute of Archaeology
University of Warsaw
Warsaw, Poland
t.dziurdzik@gmail.com
Enrique García-Riaza
University of the Balearic Islands, Spain
Dragana Grbić
Institute for Balkan Studies,
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Belgrade, Serbia
ddgrbic@gmail.com
Tibor Grüll
University of Pécs
Pécs, Hungary
grull.tibor@gmail.com
Aaron Irvin
Murray State University
Murray, USA
awirvin82@gmail.com
Marko A. Janković
Archeological Collection
Department of Archaeology
Belgrade University
Belgrade, Serbia
markojankovicc@gmail.com
Joanna Kemp
The University of Warwick
Warwick, UK
J.Kemp@warwick.ac.uk
Josipa Lulić
Department of History of Art
Faculty of Humanities and
Social Sciences
University of Zagreb
Zagreb, Croatia
josipa.lulic@gmail.com
Jason Lundock
Gulf Archaeology
Research Institute
Crystal River, Florida, USA
lundock.jason@gmail.com
Ellen MacDougal
School of Classics
University of St Andrews
St. Andrews, UK
em445@st-andrews.ac.uk
Dimitrije Marković
Faculty of Philosophy
University of Belgrade
Belgrade, Serbia
markovicdika@gmail.com
Nenad Marković
Czech Institute of Egyptology
Charles University at Prague
Prague, Czech Republic
nenadmarkovic.is@gmail.com
Uroš Matić
Institute for Egyptology
and Coptic studies
University of Muenster
Muenster, Germany
uros_arheo@yahoo.com
Francesca Mazzilli
University of Cambridge
Cambridge Archaeological Unit
Cambridge, UK
mazzillifra@gmail.com
Vladimir D. Mihajlović
Department of History
Faculty of Philosophy
University of Novi Sad
Novi Sad, Serbia
v.mihajlovicc@ff.uns.ac.rs
Judit Pásztókai-Szeőke
University of West Hungary
Sopron, Hungary
pszeoke23@gmail.com
Adam Pažout
Department of Archaeology
University of Haifa
Haifa, Israel
A.Pazout@seznam.cz
Alberto Pérez Rubio
Autonomous University
of Madrid
Madrid, Spain
albertom.perez@uam.es
Martin Pitts
University of Exeter
College of Humanities
Exeter, UK
m.e.j.pitts@exeter.ac.uk
Ghislaine van der Ploeg
University of Tampere
Tampere, Finland
Ghislaine.van.der.Ploeg@staff.uta.i
Ivan Radman-Livaja
Archaeological Museum
Zagreb, Croatia
iradman@amz.hr
Kelly Reed
School of Life Sciences
University of Warwick
Warwick, UK
kellyreed@hotmail.co.uk
Leah Reynolds
Cardiff University
Cardiff, UK
ReynoldsLJ2@cardiff.ac.uk
Antonio Rodríguez Fernández
Instituto de Historia
Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Cientiicas
Madrid, Spain
antonio.rodriguez@cchs.csic.es
Cristiana Rofi
Graduate School for
the Humanities Cologne
Department of Ancient History −
Universität zu Köln
Cologne, Germany
cri.rofi@hotmail.it
Jörg Rüpke
University of Erfurt
Erfurt, Germany
joerg.ruepke@uni-erfurt.de
Eduardo Sánchez-Moreno
Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
eduardo.sanchez@uam.es
Inés Sastre
Instituto de Historia
Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Cientiicas
Madrid, Spain
ines.sastre@cchs.csic.es
Milan Savić
Faculty of Philosophy
University of Belgrade
Belgrade, Serbia
milan.savic93@gmail.com
Nirvana Silnović
Medieval Studies Department
Central European University
Budapest, Hungary
nsilnovic@gmail.com
Andrei Soicaru
Department of Paleoanthropology
“Francisc J. Rainer”
Institute of Anthropology
Bucharest, Romania
soicaru.ad@bioarchaeology.ro
Ottó Sosztarits
Savaria Museum - Iseum Savariense
Szombathely , Hungary
Kaja Stemberger
Department of Classics
King’s College London
London, UK
kaja.stemberger@kcl.ac.uk
Siân Thomas
Cardiff University
Cardiff, UK
ThomasSA10@cardiff.ac.uk
Borut Toškan
Institute of Archaeology ZRC SAZU
Ljubljana, Slovenia
borut.toskan@zrc-sazu.si
Ilaria Trivelloni
Sapienza University of Rome
Rome, Italy
ila.trivelloni@gmail.com
Edoardo Vanni
University of Siena
Siena, Italy
edoardo.vanni@unifg.it
Raffaella Da Vela
Rheinische Friedrich Wilhellm
Universität Bonn
Bonn, Germany
s5radave@uni-bonn.de
Mattia Vitelli Casella
Inštitut za arheologijo
Znanstvenoraziskovalni center
Slovenske akademije znanosti
in umetnosti
Ljubljana, Slovenia
mattia.vitelli@studio.unibo.it
Bernarda Županek
Museum and galleries of Ljubljana
bernarda.zupanek@gmail.com