Ergonomics & Human Factors

ABSTRACT Human factors and ergonomics applies scientific information about human cognition and behavior to support the design of products and systems that enhance human well-being and performance. Human factors and ergonomics professionals investigate human–system interaction at the individual, group, and organizational levels. The aim is to design products that augment human physical, cognitive, and motivational capabilities and improve the social, technical, and organizational aspects of a system. Human factors and ergonomics has been used to improve safety and productivity particularly in complex sociotechnical systems.

Welcome to the third day of the Space Station Human Factors Research Review. today, December 5, is devoted to Space Station Habitability and Function within the context of Architectural Research. To give you an overview of how we're proceeding, I will show a viewgraph of the make-up of the week (fig. I). The first day I show
in this column deals essentially with behavioral research and the second day, which is today, with architectural research. Each of the different speakers, grantees, or contractors are listed horizontally across the top. Also, on Friday, we have Richard Haines of Ames talking about windows. On the vertical axis we have behavioral factors and architectural subsystems and a break-out of these various topics.
What we'll talk about today is architectural spaces. This is a key concept. Most of the architecture we've seen from the contractors does not have a positive sense of architectural space. What we have seen as habitable space is purely residual volume: that which is left over when you finish packing it with equipment. We have a couple of studies that address this issue. We address the issue of secondary structure; the standoffs and the floors and major utilities distribution. Utilities are so important that they become a major form-giver. Circulation, which includes some mobility aids and restraints is next, then come furnishings, equipment packing, proportional systems, and configurations. Yvonne's day, behavioral research, has this elegant diagonal. For today, I have a kind of scatter-gun approach, but we've tried to cover every major topic with at least one major focus or concentration.

Perché gli “ecosistemi tribali” dei coworking sono così attraenti rispetto ai modelli tradizionali del vivere lavorativo? Forse perché offrono potenziali dinamismi impliciti alle reti di collaborazione multidisciplinari delle antiche piazze-mercato, quali vere e proprie fucine di innovazione sociale?

L’interazione acustica, cioè la chiacchierata estemporanea con persone con background diversi e specializzati in discipline altrettanto diverse è certamente uno dei fattori in grado di generare un volano relazionale e una conseguente crescita conoscitiva a una velocità difficilmente raggiungibile in una dimensione individuale. In essi si origina una sorta di naturale ecosistema dinamico in grado di generare spontanee reti di collaborazioni orizzontali tra gruppi professionali spesso totalmente disomogenei.
Oggi, i coworking “globali” sono infatti popolati da persone che fanno ogni sorta di attività: liberi professionisti, creativi, avvocati, imprenditori, commercialisti, programmatori ecc. Peraltro in ognuno di essi, così come negli antichi mercati, si genera un equilibrio competitivo con chi svolge lo stesso “mestiere”, si apprezza cioè il gomito-a-gomito della competizione “palese” rispetto a quella, spesso occulta, che si vive giornalmente nelle “forzate” dimensioni lavorative aziendali. […]

The physical and psychological health of an aged people can be influenced by the house in which they live in, furniture and equipment provided and also the surroundings of the house predominantly to the people who spend much of their time in the home. Living room is one such place in the houses where elderly people spends much of their time to entertain guests, to perform various activities. The study aimed to understand the contribution of type of house and socio economic status towards elderly friendly living room. The study was carried out in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. Sixty elderly women aged 60 and above were taken as sample for the study from the selected localities. Kuppuswamy socioeconomic status scale was used in the study. Type of house and Socio economic status were the independent variables whereas existing living room design conditions was selected as dependent variable. The existing living room design was evaluated in terms of standard design guidelines proposed by researchers and organizations. Analysis of variance and Regression were the statistical analysis used in the study. The results revealed that majority of the houses may not facilitate elderly to age in place. Type of the house followed by socio economic status of the family were found to be the major contributing factors towards the design of living room as per the recommended design guidelines.

Document of registration of diffusion, development and management of ergonomics in Chile. edited by the Chilean society of Ergonomia SOCHERGO. In this issue, among other relevant topics, the ergonomics development laboratories in Chile are presented.

Documento de  registro de  difusión, desarrollo  y  gestión de  Ergonomía en Chile. Editado por  la Sociedad Chilena de Ergonomía SOCHERGO. En este numero se presenta entre otros relevantes temas, los  laboratorios de desarrollo  de Ergonomía en Chile.

This paper will include an organizational problem of workplace well-being, principles, ideas, questions, methods and theory for stress reduction and ideas for improving well-being in the workplace organization for employers and employees. This paper will also identify various stakeholder groups which will benefit from having a staff well-being in the workplace with utilizing focus groups who would complete questionnaires or surveys as a tool for further research utilizing the UK as a workplace/organization model. This paper will hopefully motivate stakeholders to participate and might influence the strategy looking to engage in the well-being process.  Finally, this paper will motivate to participate for a variety of good reasons to cut down on the absenteeism, illness and well-being rate within the organization.

The current review addresses emerging issues that arise from the creation of safe, beneficial, and trusted artificial intelligence–air traffic controller (AI-ATCO) systems for air traffic management (ATM). These issues concern trust between the human user and automated or AI tools of interest, resilience, safety, and transparency. To tackle these issues, we advocate the development of practical AI-ATCO teaming frameworks by bringing together concepts and theories from neuroscience and explainable AI (XAI). By pooling together knowledge from both ATCO and AI perspectives, we seek to establish confidence in AI-enabled technologies for ATCOs. In this review, we present an overview of the extant studies that shed light on the research and development of trusted human-AI systems, and discuss the prospects of extending such works to building better trusted ATCO-AI systems. This paper contains three sections elucidating trust-related human performance, AI and explainable AI (XAI), and human-AI teaming. [COPYRIGHT CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, J. Y. ZHONG 2021, NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY]

... and Medicine (Abrahamson, 1968), indicates that make most of the decisions that affect his simulation ... The primary interest in the project is the evaluation of the effectiveness of ... A review of critical factors affecting student performance has been com-pleted, and experimental ...

Advances in technology have allowed computers and peripherals to become more affordable and useable. Technology is also trickling down and being integrated into other consumer products such as those found in the home, such as alarm clocks. Two studies examined the desirability of various features that have or could be incorporated into alarm clocks. In Study 1, 378 people evaluated the importance of various features that have or could be incorporated into alarm clocks. They were also asked to report other features not listed. Study 2 was similar except a larger list of potential features was included. Both studies indicated that there are several features considered more important (e.g., digital face, independent buttons to set hours and minutes, low price) than others (e.g., traditional analog clock face, cassette player). Also, feature importance differed depending on gender and undergraduatelnon-student groups. Factor analyses revealed that ergonomic aspects were being considered with respect to feature desirability. Implications for human factors/ergonomics issues are discussed including specific suggestions for alarm clock designs and other electronic consumer products.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of MSD among rubber tappers. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) (Dickinson et al 1992) was used for this investigation. 43 rubber tappers (10 females and 33 males) from northern part of peninsular Malaysia participated in this study. Results indicated that lower back had highest prevalence of MSD (within previous one year) among rubber tappers with 74.4% followed by shoulder (53.5%), neck (48.8%) and wrists/hands (48.8%). Similarly, within previous 7 days, the prevalence was the highest for low back with 67.4% followed by others. Another result indicated that 15 respondents (34.9%) reported that prevalence of MSD had prevented them from performing regular activities within the last 12 months.

Parlare di ergonomia e società oggi, nel pieno del dibattito sui risvolti sociali ed economici della globalizzazione, a qualcuno potrebbe apparire fuori luogo o addirittura anacronistico ma non è assolutamente così. Appare peraltro più utile farlo ora che nel recente passato per la rapidissima evoluzione dei modelli e sistemi di lavoro (di tipo fisico, cognitivo e organizzativo) e dei riflessi negativi che la cosiddetta Società della Conoscenza sta generando nelle persone. Come, ad esempio: l’ansia di adattamento a situazioni in continua evoluzione e problemi di disorientamento causati dal sovraccarico cognitivo. L’ergonomia del secondo millennio è oggi una moderna disciplina scientifica system-oriented che si occupa di questo e di tanto altro. Studia l’interazione tra le persone e gli elementi tecno-digitali e sociali del sistema in cui interagiscono con l’obiettivo di ottimizzare benessere e performance: ossia di renderlo (il sistema) compatibile con i bisogni, le capacità e i limiti delle persone in tutti gli aspetti delle attività umane... vedi - pagg.36-40

Human Machine Interface (HMI) concepts for autonomous vehicles have thus far been oriented towards the needs of the vehicle operator. In this work, an autonomous vehicle HMI utilizing LED lights, a display, and audio was created to communicate to others outside the vehicle. In the US, turn-taking at four-way stop sign intersections is typically negotiated via gesture or eye contact. In autonomous vehicles, there may not be an operator involved in the driving task to communicate this information. An HMI concept for this use case was built into a Wizard of Oz autonomous vehicle. Participants (N=64) interacted with the vehicle at an intersection as both a driver and as a pedestrian, after which they discussed their experiences in focus groups. HMI elements that communicate vehicle status or intentions concretely were better received than abstract indicators. Suggestions for design improvement and general implications for external HMI for autonomous vehicles are discussed.

Crop protection has a significant role in overall production. Chemicals and pesticides are being used at every stage of cultivation viz. land preparation, seed treatment, controlling diseases and pests, removal of weeds and at the time of storing grains. They are highlighted as being of special concern because of their relatively high intrinsic toxicity and direct application to food crops. Exposure to pesticides and other agrochemicals at farm constitutes one of the principal occupational risks posing many acute and chronic health problems. Nearly 10,000 deaths occur annually worldwide, due to the use of chemical pesticide, with about three-fourths of these occurring in developing countries.Although the magnitude of health damage caused by agrochemical exposure varies according to the type of crop cultivated, the type of agrochemical used, the mode of application or exposure, the individual susceptibility and the climatic conditions. Chemicals can enter the body through many routes but the most common ways are through skin and by inhaling. Gases used as pesticides or produced by a reaction when pesticides are applied-including hydrogen sulphide, phosgene and chlorine-affect directly, through irritation, the walls of the respiratory tract, bringing asthmatic reactions among people suffering from bronchial hyperactivity. The health status of population working in agriculture needs to be improved and thus require attention. There is lack of data on how many agricultural workers are adversely affected during crop protection activities and there are no effective ways to find the exact rates of accidents and diseases confronted by them as a result of chemicals used. Also current ergonomic researches and its application in developing countries are mainly focusing on the industrial sector. There is limited information on the extent to which ergonomics may alleviate the health problems. Thus, there is an urgent need to educate them in the crop protection skills and safe methods of work through special training programmes and interventions. Therefore, the present research was undertaken with the objective of assessing occupational health hazards and musculoskeletal problems confronted by the agricultural workers, body part discomfort and overall body discomfort perceived by them in crop protection activity. Methodology A sample of 120 agricultural workers engaged in cultivation since 8-10 years were selected randomly. The ratio of men and women was equal and thus a total of 60 male and 60 female respondents participated in the present study. A survey was conducted to find the occupational health hazards among agricultural workers during crop protection work i.e. while handling chemicals and making use of pesticides. The associated causative factors of hazards and the safety practices adopted by the agricultural workers in preventing the health hazards were also obtained to disclose the level of knowledge of the respondents regarding work hazards in agriculture and the possible mode of preventing them. To find out the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal problems and body discomfort of the agricultural workers while performing crop protection activities Psycho-physical technique developed by Corlett and Bishop (1976) on a 5-point continuum was used. The total BPDS were the sum of all the scores assigned by the subject to individual body parts. For subjective measure of the overall discomfort PAGE 4

The working at shop floor is multifunctional and complex tasks with a great responsibility. Working for the long period of time causes higher risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The workers suffer from the high risk and gives poor performance because of inappropriate match between anthropometry and work station.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are surrounded by the most common work-related problem in India. In an Indian manufacturing industry most of the work is still carried out manually hence issues of work related musculoskeletal disorders and injury in different sites of the body are prominent. Postural analysis using Rapid entire body assessment (REBA), Rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) indicates that the workers are working above the secure limit. The presents study is focused on posture analysis of the workers working in small scale manufacturing industry. The study was conducted on 15 workers engaged in small scale manufacturing industry Wardha (Maharashtra, India). Video tape on different activities of the workers was done and then images were cropped from it for the analysis.
It was concluded that; there is a lack of ergonomics social contact and understanding in small scale manufacturing industries (SSMIs). Postural analysis using REBA, RULA indicates that the workers are working above the secure limit. A major quantity of the workers is working in awkward postures. Thus the workers are under moderate to high risk of Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).

Mobile eye-tracking technology provides data that can be linked to user attention during visual perception. The relationship between a fixation and its subsequent saccade has been proposed to identify ambient versus focal visual processing. Short fixation durations followed by long saccades are characteristic of ambient processing. Longer fixation durations followed by shorter saccades suggests focal processing. The objective of this study was to apply a novel parametric scale (i.e., coefficient K) to eye movement data from packaging usability trials of known difficulty to investigate the relationship between fixations, saccades, and cognitive-challenging phases in user-package interactions. A panel of 40 participants (20 females, 20 males) were asked to open a folding carton and extract its contents. Each participant stood behind a counter of a fixed height wearing an ASL Mobile 5 glasses and completed one task in a lab facility. They were instructed to imagine an emergency scenario where all package contents had to be removed as quickly as possible. Half of the participants were randomly assigned a package with a pull tab on the top of the container (i.e., easy task) while the other half tested a package with a press-in mechanism on the bottom of the folding carton (i.e., difficulty task). Coefficients for each trial were calculated using fixation durations and either saccade durations or saccade amplitudes. Two-sample t-tests based on the coefficients K were conducted to compare mean differences across the two tasks. For coefficients K calculated using saccade durations, results revealed a significant difference in mean coefficient K for each type of task (t(27)=2.57, p≤0.05). For coefficients K calculated using saccade amplitudes, results revealed a significant difference in mean coefficient K for each type of task (t(34)=2.72, p≤ 0.01). Moreover, mean coefficients K for the easy task were negative, signalling ambient processing, while mean coefficients K for the difficult task were positive, an indication of focal processing. Gender differences are also reported. Findings have critical implications for understanding user-package interaction problems and support the use of algorithmic processing of eye-tracking data for automatic usability problems detection.

Work posture is the position and condition of the body or body parts during the performance of work. Good work posture is as important for the performance of tasks as it promotes health and minimizes stress and discomfort during work. The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) is a widely used tool designed for the investigations of the work posture. In this concern, this research work has been conducted in a leading ceramic industry of Bangladesh in order to study and assess the work postures of workers working in the production section through RULA. The objective of the research work was to analyze the various work postures of the workers of the selected ceramic industry. To analyze the work postures of workers, rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) technique has been used. RULA has been developed specifically to examine the level of risk associated with upper limb disorder of individual workers by scoring the different body region of the workers. The results of this paper would help identify the good or bad work posture as well as the risk level associated with the different body regions of the workers. It has been found that most workers have been exposed to the upper limb discomfort which has contributed to the bad work postures. Through the analysis of RULA, it has been revealed that no posture is risk free for the workers working in the production section of the ceramic industry. According to RULA, further investigation is needed for 15.38% of workers, prompt investigation and changes are required for 41.02% of the workers and finally 43.59% of the workers need immediate investigation and changes in order to maintain the desired performance level and increase the productivity as well.

Avec les possibilités qu’offrent les TIC, de nouvelles formes d’apprentissage et pratiques pédagogiques ont vus le jour. Cependant, il est illusoire de croire que l’intégration des TIC dans le monde de l’éducation sera la panacée des problèmes de l’apprentissage classique. Toute intégration doit tenir compte des caractéristiques des apprenants. Ce travail se base sur La théorie cognitive de l’apprentissage multimédia de Richard Mayer qui prend appui sur les résultats des recherches en psychologie cognitive et surtout la théorie de la charge cognitive. L’idée, est d’essayer d’appliquer l’ergonomie dans un projet de développement d’un ENA et montrer l’importance d’une réflexion ergonomique tout au long du cycle de vie du projet. On a commencé par l’élaboration d’un guide ergonomique pour la conception d’un site web éducatif sur la base des critères de Bastien et Scapin pour proposer, ensuite, un  questionnaire utilisateur pour l’évaluation ergonomique d’un site web éducatif. Pour montrer les avantages de l’intégration de l’ergonomie dans le processus de développement d’un système d’apprentissage numérique, une dernière phase d’expérimentation a été menée afin de mesurer l’impact d’une conception ergonomique sur l’appréciation
perceptive des apprenants. Les résultats ont confirmés notre hypothèse.
Mots clés : Apprentissage par la technologie, théorie cognitive de l’apprentissage multimédia, ergonomie cognitive, ergonomie de sites web éducatifs, liste de critères ergonomiques de Bastien et Scapin, environnement numérique d’apprentissage.

Abstrak Cara untuk mengetahui adanya kebocoran gas adalah dengan menggunakan pendeteksi awal untuk mencegah tetrjadinya hal yang tidak diiginkan. Detektor sebagai pendeteksi kebocoran gas dapat diaplikasikan untuk mengurangi timbulnya hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan seperti ledakan dan kebakaran yang mengakibatkan kerugian material dan bahkan yang lebih parah lagi, yaitu adanya kehilangan nyawa. Biasanya penyebab kebocoran tabung gas bisa disebabkan oleh korosi pada tabung gas, selang dan regulatornya. Penyebab lainnya adalah adanya upaya modifikasi yang dipaksakan yang bisa membuat rusaknya aksesori seperti selang, valve, dan regulator pada tabung gas. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dirasa masih perlu upaya untuk mengurangi musibah kebakaran akibat kebocoran dari perangkat masak yang menggunakan gas di dapur atau perumahan penduduk. Dan untuk itu akan dilakukan sebuah kegiatan perancangan sebuah detektor kebocoran gas yang ergonomis, efektif dan efisien bagi kebutuhan di dapur rumah tangga. Dari kemampuan kerjanya detektor ini berfungsi dan bereaksi rata-rata 6 detik jika posisinya diatas regulator dan rata-rata 9 detik jika diatas kompor gas pada jarak 35 cm. Setelah hasil perancangan detektor ini selesai lalu diuji dan ternyata dapat untuk mendeteksi terjadinya kebocoran gas LPG pada perangkat memasak di dapur sehingga bermanfaat untuk digunakan oleh masyarakat. Abstract How to detect a gas leak is by using an early detection to prevent the occurrence of unwanted conditions. Detector as a gas leak detector can be applied to reduce the incidence of unwanted conditions such as explosion and fire that can result material losses, even death. The most common cause of the leak gas cylinders is corrosion in the gas cylinder, hose and its regulator. However, another cause is forced modification that can create accessories damage such as hose, valve, and regulator. Based on above conditions, additional effort is needed to maintain fire accident due to gas leak from cooking device that uses gas to cook in the kitchen or housing residents. Therefore, there was an action to design a leak gas detector ergonomically, effectively, and efficiently. From its function, detector can react 6 seconds if the position is above of regulator, and 9 seconds if placed on the above of stove at 35 cm distances. After the designed detector is completed and also tested, then detector was able to detect the occurrence of leak gas and it is useful to be used by the public. 1. PENDAHULUAN Banyaknya kejadian kebakaran dan meledaknya tabung gas LPG sempat mejadi isu hangat diawal program konversi gas yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah. Selain dari minimnya pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pengoperasian dan perawatan kompor gas, selang, regulator, dan tabungnya, kejadian kebakaran dan meledaknya tabung gas LPG juga bisa diakibatkan oleh kualitas kompor gas, selang, regulator dan tabung gas itu sendiri yang menyebabkan kebocoran gas pemicu ledakan dan kebakaran. Detector atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia biasa disebut detektor adalah suatu rangkaian alat yang dilengkapi dengan unit sensor, unit proses, dan unit indikator yang digunakan untuk

Buku ENBORA: Teknik Penilaian Risiko Ergonomik di Tempat Kerja (Penerbit UTHM) Tahun 2019

Teknik ENBORA adalah alat atau kaedah penilaian risiko ergonomik yang mudah dan praktikal digunakan di tempat kerja serta memberi penanda aras tahap risiko dan tindakan yang perlu diambil berkaitan dengan aktiviti atau tugasan di tempat kerja

Jika berminat untuk tempahan buku, boleh layari laman web http://e-bookstore.uthm.edu.my/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=349 atau hubungi En Mohd Razif di talian 07453 8698 (Penerbit UTHM)

RM48 senaskah (berwarna) tidak termasuk kos penghantaran

The paper contains the characteristics of contemporary approaches to the identification of the personnel function of the organization. Discusses human resources as a matter of research and makes a general identification of areas of human resource management task. The rest of this article describes the relationship existing between the process of human resources management ang the related areas such as ethics and ergonomics.

Ergonomics (also called human factors engineering) is the study of human characteristics for the appropriate design of the living and work environment. It is applied in various industrial areas which includes transportation.Tricycle being one of the most common means of public transportation in Lipa City has various adaptations to suit the culture, and environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the variability in design of the tricycles in Lipa City, Philippines and propose a standard ergonomically designed tricycle sidecar seat for a greater population. The study was conducted at 26 tricycle terminals with 232 tricycle samples within Lipa City proper including the public market area where 400 commuters were given questionnaires to determine the risk factors associated with the existing tricycle sidecar seat design. Anthropometric measurements of 100 males and 100 female commuters were obtained together with the sidecar dimensions of 232 tricycles to substantiate the observed variations in design. Using the design for the average and design for the extremes, it was found out that most of the tricycles in Lipa City, Philippines have inappropriate inclined seat and lowered sidecar seat pan height which can result to leg and abdominal pain; narrowed seat pan depth which caused pressure on buttocks and legs; narrowed backrest width which can cause upper and low back pain; low backrest height that can pose upper back pain; which can also result to abdominal pain; inclined backrest and limited vertical clearance which can cause upper back pain and neck pain. The researcher proposed a sidecar seat design standard which can be used by the Land Transportation Office, and Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board to provide ease, comfort, and convenience to the passengers.

A B S T R A C T The world of ergonomic evaluation considerate the human biomechanics and anthropometric measurement an integral part of product design and development work. In this paper, we have given an attempt to design an ergonomically fitted office chair suitable for Bangladeshi people. In this paper, the anthropometric data analysis has been done in order to determine the necessary dimensions suitable for the office chair. Lastly, an ergonomically fitted office chair is designed based on this anthropometric data analysis. The concept of the paper is to focus on the dimensional changes that the Bangladeshi people need for their comfort in the ergonomic office chair. The structural difference in different regions makes us inspired to think about the office chair ergonomics for Bangladeshi people. In short, this paper reflects the entire process of designing an ergonomic office chair suitable for them.

Abstrak Ergonomi menjadi salah satu aspek yang mendukung produktivitas para operator forklift dalam melakukan kerjanya. Apabila aspek ergonomi tidak diperhatikan, maka produktivitas para operator pun akan terhambat dan mempengaruhi proses produksi lalu rangkaian proses lainnya. Penelitian yang berlangsung di PT. Puninar Anji Nyk Logistics Indonesia atau biasa disebut sebagai PT. PANLI, bertujuan untuk meminimalisir kelelahan yang terkadang dialami oleh operator forklift. Dalam meminimalisir kelelahan tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa metode seperti Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) dan Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Analisa akan dilakukan dengan data yang telah didapatkan dan diubah ke dalam bentuk tabel yang disediakan oleh masing masing metode sehingga hasil pun akan diperoleh. Hasil perhitungan menggunakan RULA dan REBA menunjukkan bahwa postur tubuh para operator forklift ketika sedang melakukan kerja membutuhkan evaluasi dan tindakan lebih lanjut, sehingga perbaikan yang diajukan adalah dengan membuat visualisasi yang dapat diletakkan pada bagian atas kanan kaca forklift sehingga operator dapat mengetahui dan menerapkan postur yang baik sebelum melakukan kerjanya. Keyword: Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), Ergonomi, Antropometri, Perancangan Alat Bantu, Gangguan Muskuloskeletal. 1. Pendahuluan Secara teknis, produktivitas adalah suatu perbandingan antara hasil yang dicapai dengan usaha yang telah dilakukan. Ergonomi sebagai aspek yang menyokong tingkat produktivitas di dalam suatu perusahaan khususnya dalam proses produksi dapat diterapkan sehingga produktivitas kerja meningkat dengan cara membuat pekereja merasa nyaman dan aman. Departemen Service Order Recruitment III memiliki fungsi untuk pengumpulan data material yang diterima dan akan dikelola untuk diproduksi. Proses kerja juga dapat dilihat langsung terlebih ketika operator forklift sedang memindahkan kotak berisi material dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain. Ketika operator sedang mengoperasikan forklift, terkadang operator berhenti dan keluar dari alat tersebut untuk meregangkan otot atau hanya duduk dan menghentikan kemudi. Hal ini menjadi masalah yang dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan jangka panjang operator.